Мария Аполлова - Specific English. Грамматические трудности перевода

• Название: Specific English. Грамматические трудности перевода
• Автор: Мария Аполлова
• Издательство: «Международные отношения»
• Жанр: Языкознание
• Год: 1977

Пособие знакомит читателя с характерными особенностями английского языка и типичными случаями расхождений с русским языком. В нем суммируются те черты грамматического строя английского языка, которые в силу их специфики представляют трудность для учащихся.

В предлагаемом пособии ставится цель ознакомить учащихся, прошедших первоначальный курс английского языка, с некоторыми характерными системными особенностями этого языка и типичными случаями расхождений с русским языком. Поскольку способ выражения мысли проявляет себя прежде всего в строе языка, в его грамматике, то в пособии вскрываются именно особенности английской грамматики, притом те особенности, которые находили меньшее отражение, а главное — не подвергались достаточной отработке в учебной литературе.

Пособие не претендует на полноту и систематичность описания специфики английской грамматики, но обращает внимание учащихся на отдельные интересные, с точки зрения автора, моменты, которые и придают английской речи ее неповторимое своеобразие.

Кроме того, в пособии рассматриваются такие особенности английского языка, как конверсия, лаконизм английской речи, с одной стороны, и тенденция к известным усложнениям и избыточности — с другой, переходность глаголов и некоторые другие моменты.

Каждый раздел пособия содержит теоретические заметки с иллюстративными примерами в переводе автора. Пособие имеет упражнения, построенные на оригинальном языковом материале и направленные на закрепление практических и переводческих навыков.

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1. You mustn’t go about looking like this. 2. You can’t stay indoors on a day like this. 3. I saw some delightful boxes of beauty aids in one of the shops last week. Lip-stick, face powder, a small mirror, things like that. 4. You oughtn’t to behave like this. 5. I’m sorry to see you like this. 6. «It’s not the Ritz,«he said, «but at this hour of the night it’s only in a place like this that we stand a chance of getting something to eat.» 7. What have I got to offer a girl like that? 8. And to think that after all the trouble he’s given me he had to end up like that. 9. He had seen his son like that before.

V. Переведите следующие предложения с герундием или отглагольным существительным.

1. Randall was not surprised at seeing Emma. 2. All the same he was deeply grateful to Ann, grateful to her for having insisted on having Fanny at Grayhallock, for having insisted on nursing Fanny. 3. I hope Randall won’t mind our deciding things without him. 4. «I suppose he hasn’t changed his view about coming to Seton Blaise?» said Hugh. 5. She stopped her folding and went on. 6. Since his arrival in April he had been simply hanging round the house, helping Ann with the washing up, running errands for whoever was looking after Fanny. 7. I had approved of Verena hiring her. 8. But it was an unpleasant, even distinctly alarming, prospect and he had put off doing so. 9. In the last few years he had taken to spending more and more time in London… 10. Hugh had avoided speaking seriously to his son about his treatment on Ann. 11. Mildred, with her long tolerance of Humphrey and her skill in defending him, was surely not a censorious woman. 12. This falling in love was, he felt, the best thing he had ever done. 13. Emma joined with Randall in flattering Lindsay, and with Lindsay in teasing Randall. 14. Your asking me to come to India put me, in a way, up against it. 15. He hated our finding her there. 16. I should swallow him without his even noticing it. 17. She denied having written anything of the sort. 18. Do think seriously about coming to Seton. 19. He feared and detested the idea of Emma’s visiting Grayhallock in his absence or indeed at all. 20. She never became resigned to not winning. 21. Instead of struggling one against the other, instead of avoiding, they should unite. 22. Her face was agreeable without being handsome. 23. The previous autumn, after having been left back in the eighth grade three years running, Mule had joined the Navy. 24. He just couldn’t tolerate always being left behind in the eighth grade, him getting so tall and the other children so little. 25. Pretending an interest gave me sufficiently private opportunity for sizing Holly’s friends.

VI. Переведите следующие предложения, обращая особое внимание на перевод выделенных словосочетаний.

1. It struck her that she had been doing all the talking and that Larry had had no chance to do more than listen. 2. Just shut up and let me do the teaching of ancient history in this class. 3. If that’s the way you feel, maybe you should do some checking. 4. Because he had been cautioned to do only local flying in an area northwest of Baltimore, no flight plan had been filed. 5. The man in the middle is a Frenchman who has done a lot of climbing in the Pyrenees. 6. The bell-boy grinned at Christine. «Doing a bit of detectiving, Miss Francis?» 7. «Get in and do the talking on the way,«he said. 8. She and her two daughters, both of them middle-aged, did the cooking and the housework. 9. Even if he could fire the chief house detective, McDermott thought, he would do some hell raising in the morning. 10. We can do our shopping before lunch. 11. They had a gin and a tonic, Ashe doing most of the talking. 12. «Suppose you were asked now, though?» «Depends on who did the asking.» «I’m doing the asking» 13. Ashenden went to the market about nine when the housewives of Geneva for the most part had done their provisioning. 14. In your place I’d leave the General do most of the talking. 15. Go along and do your packing. 16. He intended to do no more roof-climbing that night. 17. He’s done most of the casting. 18. I do a little teaching here. 19. «Well, somebody’s got to do some scheming,«said Mildred. 20. «IV/ do some thinking about what you just said, Bessie,«he promised without enthusiasm. 21. Amos, who does a little of travelling now and then, claimed to have seen her once at a fair in Bottle. 22. Freddie did a bit of gasping. He was a good deal on the nonplused side. 23. «I must be going,«said old Bodsham. «I have some thinking to do.» 24. I should have some very awkward explaining to do.

VII. Переведите следующие предложения. Замените выделенные словосочетания глаголами с конкретно-лексическим значением и сделайте другие соответствующие изменения там, где это необходимо.

1. The Tamil had been grossly insolent to him and Saffary had given him a thrashing. 2. When they chanced to meet she always gave him a friendly smile. 3. We’re trying to get some sleep. 4. Saffary gave a harassed glance at the papers on the desk. 5. Suddenly she gave a piercing cry and fell headlong on the floor. 6. He took a step towards her and stopped. 7. He gave his hands a glance. 8. She gave a slight start. 9. He gave a gasp. 10. He gave her a pitiful look. 11. His voice broke and he gave a little sob. 12. She gave him a little bow, silently, and walked past him out of the room. 13. He made no further reference to the scene. 14. But Gallagher’s appearance gave Mrs Hamlyn a shock. 15. I’m afraid there’s no use in our making a promise we shouldn’t be able to keep. 16. Gallagher gave a sigh of relief. 17. The captain sent for me yesterday. He gave me a rare talking to. 18. Pryce gave her a searching look. 19. Mrs Hamlyn passed Pryce on the deck, but he gave her a brief greeting and walked on. 20. She gave him a sharp look. 21. I wanted to have a good think. 22. Lord Kastellan gave me a nod. 23. He’s a damned powerful man even now. By George, I had a struggle with him. 24. There was something about him that gave her a funny little feeling in the pit of her stomach. 25. There was something so attractive in him that she couldn’t bring herself to give him a saucy answer. 26. Mrs Towler gave me an angry frown. 27. You gave me such a fright. 28. Mrs Carter gave a gasp of horror. 29. Then an idea occurred to him and he gave her a piercing glance. 30. He only did it because he wanted to give me a good time. 31. He gave another grunt. 32. She had a proper laugh over this. 33. He lifted the cat on the toe of his shoe and gave him a toss. 34. The captain gave a great bang on the table with his fist. 35. He gave a loud shout. 36. During the next few days he looked at the house whenever he passed it, but never caught a glimpse of the girl. 37. Appleby heaved an immense sigh of relief. 38. You can have a little talk and then if you do not like the look of her you take your leave and no harm is done. 39. She shot a swift glance at him. 40. He poured himself out a little, added some soda, and took a sip. 41. He gave me a smiling look of his soft eyes. 42. «Had a nice swim?» he asked. 43. I stole a glance at him. 44. Two or three days later my friend and I were taking a walk. 45. Captain Bredon took a look at him first and went up. 46. Mr Warburton gave him a little nod of dismissal. 47. The man gave his shoulders a scornful shrug. 48. Then he would have a good sleep.

VIII. В следующих предложениях преобразуйте выделенные словосочетания в сочетания «глагол + существительное (с соответствующим прилагательным)» (см. предыдущее упражнение).

1. The skipper chuckled cynically. 2. He smiled whimsically. 3. He sipped a little of whisky. 4. Neilson stopped talking and sighed faintly. 5. The Swede looked at him with hatred. (to shoot) 6. The mutual attraction of those two young things delighted him enormously. 7. She glanced indifferently at the man who was sitting in the chair by the window and went out of the room. 8. The skipper’s face puckered and he chuckled cunningly. 9. The lawyer smiled politely. 10. Mr Warburton glanced carelessly at the menu. 11. Cooper laughed harshly. 12. The director smiled shrewdly at me. 13. Assunta comes down to chat with me now and then. 14. But he looked at Neil curiously. 15. The man held out his hand and looked at Neil appraisingly. 16. He started slightly and looked at her to see if she was serious. 17. The worst of it was that you couldn’t hint her. 18. Cooper chuckled contemptuously. 19. Mr War-burton glanced sharply at him. 20. The man shrugged his shoulders angrily.

Конверсия

Во Введении мы уже говорили о том, что реакцией на синтаксическую скованность и постоянство структуры в английском языке является, в частности, конверсия. Она дает прежде всего определенную морфологическую свободу, выражающуюся в том, что одно и то же слово может быть употреблено в качестве различных частей речи, а следовательно, и выступать в функции различных членов предложения. Достаточно заглянуть в англо-русский словарь, чтобы убедиться в этом: одно и то же слово является и существительным, и глаголом, а иногда и прилагательным, и наречием. Это означает, что первоначально слово выступало в роли какой-то одной из этих частей речи, но затем, по конверсии, приобрело также качества другой части речи. Например:

blue – прилагательное – синий, голубой

blue – существительное – синий цвет, голубой цвет

blue – глагол – окрашивать в синий цвет; синеть

board – существительное – доска

board – глагол – настилать пол; обшивать досками

up – предлог – (вверх) по, в, на

up – наречие – вверх, наверх, наверху

up – глагол – поднимать

up – прилагательное – растущий, увеличивающийся; следующий в большой город, столицу или на север (о поезде, автобусе и т. п.)

up – существительное – поезд, автобус и т. п., идущий в большой город, столицу или на север [11]

По контексту всегда нетрудно определить, какой частью речи является то или иное слово благодаря твердому порядку слов английского предложения.

Пожалуй, наиболее часто встречающимся примером конверсии является переход существительных в глаголы и наоборот. Иногда бывает даже трудно сказать, чем первоначально было данное слово – существительным или глаголом, как, например, в таких парах: step – to step, blow – to blow, roar – to roar и т. д. Но в большинстве случаев исходное слово распознать все-таки можно. Так, несомненно, что в парах: face – to face, hand – to hand, pocket – to pocket, shoulder – to shoulder, eye – to eye и т. д. исходным словом было существительное, а производным от него – глагол, поскольку основное первоначальное значение в них – предметное. Очевидно также, что в парах: commission доверенность, полномочие; комиссия, комитет – to commission уполномочивать, поручать и station место, местоположение – to station помещать, размещать и т. п. исходным словом, судя по формальным признакам – суффиксам существительных (-ssion, -tion), тоже является существительное.