Н Пигулевская - Культура сирийцев в средние века

• Название: Культура сирийцев в средние века
• Автор: Н Пигулевская
• Жанр: История

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Береджик (Бережик) см. Бирта

Бет Абе, монастырь 22, 42, 75, 79, 80, 148, 218, 219

Бет Айната 80

Бет Арабайе (Ароб) 43, 71, 80, 195, 212

Бет Арамайе 73, 80

Бет Асе 78

Бет Афрайе 81

Бет Багаш 43, 79, 81

Бет Бани 37, 81

Бет Гармай 40, 57, 75, 79, 80, 132, 218, 219

Бет Едрай 38, 78

Бет Забдай (Забдицена) 60, 80, 210

Бет Кардаг 78

Бет Карду 58, 80

Бет Катарайе (Катар) 63, 217, 219

Бет Коке 37, 81, 112

Бет Лапат (Гунди Шапур) 26, 40, 162, 169, 195, 196, 202, 204, 205, 215

Бет Мабар 81

Бет Магуше 38, 79

Бет Наркос 78

Бет Нухадра 37, 80, 81

Бет Рамлан 81 {240}

Бет Растак 38, 78

Бет Сати 78

Бет Тарли 37, 81

Бет Тартемайа 78

Бет Хузайе см. Хузистан

Бех Ардашир 211

Бех Кавад 80

Бирта 32, 38

Ближний Восток 5-7, 9, 10, 12, 21, 24, 25, 28-30, 33, 36, 82, 142, 149, 162, 164, 168, 183, 185, 216, 222, 226, 229

Большой Заб 37, 38, 42, 79

Вавилон 31, 121, 188

Вавилония 7, 31

Ванк 177

Византия 5-10, 13-15, 21, 28-30, 46, 56-69, 62, 63, 107, 131, 132, 140, 146, 149, 150, 172, 180, 201, 203, 207, 209, 212, 213, 226, 229

Восток 5, 9, 13-16, 21, 23, 27-29, 30, 44, 47, 57, 58, 69, 77, 107, 113, 114, 117, 147, 153, 163, 166, 188, 228, 230

Восточный Туркестан 16, 24

Галлия 26

Гангра 223

Гаргар 177

Гарин 78

Гебилта (Тирхэн) 43, 44, 80

Гедала 212

Гешир 227

Гилян (Гелан) 22, 122, 218

Грузия 5

Губе 78

Гунди Шапур см. Бет Лапат

Дайсан 118

Дальний Восток 16, 21, 221, 230

Дамаск 24, 31, 32

Дара 210

Дарай (Дарин, Дирин) 209, 219

Дейлем (Дайлом) 22, 218

Дукрах 222

Дура-Еуропос 32, 117

Европа 10, 16, 17, 28, 230

Евфрат 24, 32, 34, 56, 119, 227

Евхаита 227

Египет 7, 12, 13, 15, 121, 129, 132, 146, 162, 175, 176, 179, 181

Закавказье 21, 28, 229

Запад 5, 9, 21, 36, 44, 46, 47, 57, 117, 153, 165, 166, 170, 182, 183, 230

Западная Европа 28

Зарак 81

Зарн 79

Зафран 76

Иераполь см. Маббог

Иерусалим 127, 211

Изла 75, 210, 211, 215

Израиль 51

Иллирик 14, 185

Индийский океан 30

Индия 6, 7, 10, 16, 17, 22, 28, 29, 118, 122, 171, 172, 186, 217, 229, 230

Иран 5-9, 12, 14, 16, 21, 22, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 45, 51, 56-59, 61-63, 71, 82-84, 107, 108, 1147, 148, 171, 172, 181, 188, 191, 192, 195-199, 201, 203-208, 211-215, 217, 229

Иссык-Куль 23

Истахр 214

Италия 230

Ишозехи монастырь 80

Йатриб см. Медина

Йемен 16, 22, 28, 148, 215, 223

Кавказ 32, 56

Калиана 28

Кангалор 28

Карабалгазун 170 {241}

Кардилабад 81

Карка де Бет Селох 80, 148, 211, 213, 214

Карка де Ледан 192

Карун (Малый Тигр) 196

Каспийское море 28, 122, 218

Катар см. Бет Катарайе

Кафра 219

Кашкар 188, 220

Кеннешрин 22, 31, 58, 82, 110

Кеннешрэ 227

Кесария Каппадокийская 132, 140

Кефар Мари 60, 62

Кефар Уззел 44, 77, 78, 82

Киликия 205

Кипр 227

Китай 6, 10, 12, 14, 16, 17, 22, 23, 26, 28, 171, 172, 221

Константинополь 13, 14, 30, 67, 116, 140, 146, 148, 150, 151, 154, 158, 165, 177, 197, 205, 223, 225

Кори, монастырь 78

Коринф 205

Коф (Кофа) 44, 78

Красное море 16, 21, 28, 30, 230

Ктесифон 45, 127, 188, 191, 220

Кур 40

Курдистан 81

Куфа см. Акола

Куфлан (Куфлана) 42, 79

Ленинград 32

Маалта 37

Маббог (Мембидж, Иераполь) 119, 120, 223, 227

Майа Карире 78

Майшан (Майсан) 46, 73

Маккабта 38, 44, 78, 79

Майферкат (Мартирополь, Майфарикин) 198

Малабар (Диампер) 76, 230

Малабарское побережье (Мале) 22, 28, 230

Малая Азия 7, 119

мар Авраама монастырь 215

мар Адона монастырь 80

мар Айталахи монастырь 80

мар Ахи монастырь 78

мар Ефрема монастырь 78

мар Иакова Хузайи монастырь 81

мар Мари монастырь 73

мар Маттайа монастырь 22, 112, 128

мар Саргиса монастырь 80, 215

мар Селибы монастырь 80

мар Феодора монастырь 73

Марга (Маргская область) 22, 37, 38, 42, 44, 75, 78, 79, 148

Марсель 128

Махозе (Мадаин - города Селевкия и Ктесифон) 73, 127, 191, 198, 202, 209, 220

Медина 32

Междуречье см. Месопотамия

Мембидж см. Маббог

Мерв 81, 155, 214

Мертвое море 180

Месена см. Майшан

Месопотамия 7, 8, 21, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 34, 45, 46, 56, 57, 62, 69, 73, 76, 77, 107, 115, 117, 120, 121, 133, 154, 169, 170, 172, 174, 177, 183, 186, 188, 221, 225, 227-229

Милан 140

Монголия 14

Мосул 80

Музирис 28

Мукан 22

Набатея 32

Накши Рустам 196

Нахширван 80

Неджран 28, 215

Нераб Барзи 78

Нехаргул 215

Никея 132

Ниневия 35 {242}

Нирам де Раббата 78

Нисибин 14, 25, 31, 36, 39, 40, 42, 46, 48, 49, 52-62, 64, 66, 67, 71, 81, 83, 90-93, 99, 106, 111, 119, 131-133, 136, 137, 146, 152, 169, 196, 202, 203, 207, 210, 213, 215, 216, 229

Нитрийская пустыня 132

Нубия 30, 230

Осроена 12, 24, 32, 34, 229

Палестина 7, 8, 31, 58

Пальмира 8, 31, 32

Париж 230

Парфия 8

Пафлагония 223

Пекин 28, 230

Передняя Азия 23, 27, 32, 115

Перат де Майшан см. Басра

Парс (Перас) 73

Персида см. Иран

Персидский залив 28, 56, 217

Персия см. Иран

Петра 14, 31, 32

Радан 81

Рев Ардашир 52, 216, 217, 222

Решайна 154

Рим 32, 142, 143, 151, 154, 169, 189

Русафа 39

Сабришо монастырь 80

Салак Внешний (Салак Нарсая, Бананас) 79

Самосата 34

Саура 78

Сафсафа 42, 78

Северная Аравия 7

Северная Месопотамия (Междуречье) 7, 9, 196

Селевкия 58, 81, 127, 188, 195, 210

Селевкия-Ктесифон см. Махозе

Семиречье 23, 230

Серрин 32

Сиарзур (Шахразур) 40

Сианьфу 23, 170, 221

Сирия 7-9, 12, 13 15, 24, 25, 31, 32, 107, 110, 115, 116, 119, 126, 128, 129

Сицилия 143

Соба см. Нисибин

Согд 24, 108

Содом 127

Средиземное море 22, 30, 32

Средиземноморье 21, 27, 56, 229

Средний Восток 21, 22, 25, 31

Средняя Азия 6, 14, 16, 17, 23, 25, 30, 73, 108, 217, 229, 230

Сузы 195

"Счастливая Аравия" см. Южная Аравия

Табсие 178

Тапробан см. Цейлон

Тбилиси 32

Тель Зельма 37, 81

Тигр 24, 32, 37, 56, 66, 81

Тир 143

Тирхан см. Гебилта

Турфан 230

Урха см. Эдесса

Фиваида 205

Филиппополь 223

Финикия 32

Фирузабад 40

Фракия 223

Франция 23

Фригия 119

Хабор 154

Хадрамаут 215

Хадитта (Хедатта) 79

Хазир 38, 42

Халван 49, 50, 212

Халкидон 15

Хара-Хото 230

Хардес 44, 78 {243}

Харран 25, 69, 137, 169, 229

Хатра 8, 122

Хедайаб, гора 40

Хедайаб, область см. Адиабена

Хенайта 81

Хенес 78

Хербат Гелал 79, 80

Херпа 42

Хетара 44, 78

Хефтун 43, 81

Хымьяр 30, 224

Хирта (Хира) 30, 80, 172, 202, 207, 209, 215, 221, 224, 229

Хорасан 45, 171, 172

Хорив (Хореб) 51

Хузистан 40, 63, 110, 206, 207

Хусай 214

Цейлон 16, 230

Центральная Азия 30, 56, 108

Шалмат 78

Шамира 44, 78

Шахргерд 195

Шебан 80

Шена 81

Шигар (Санджар) 71, 209

Шираз 40

Шурзак 37, 81

Шуштер (Турстар) 196

Эдесса 7, 8, 16, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 34, 35, 418, 52, 56-63, 65, 71, 82, 83, 91, 110, 118, 132, 137, 141, 143, 145, 148, 169, 170, 186-190, 196, 201, 212, 228, 229

Экра 78

Элам 45, 73

Элефантина 34

Эфес 14, 58

Эфиопия 6, 12, 16, 28, 30, 229

Южная Аравия 6, 7, 21, 29, 224, 229 {244}

SUMMARY

N. V. Pigulevskaya's monograph Syrian Culture in the Middle Ages is a new stage in her study of Syrian sources, It marks a transition from the use of these sources as a background material for the study of the history of Byzantium, Iran, Southern Arabia and India, to a comprehensive research into the history of the Syrian people proper and to the re-creation of their economic, political, ideological, cultural and scholarly life. N. V. Pigulevskaya set herself the task of providing an all-round characterisation of the spiritual culture of the Syrians and of showing its singular place in the history of the medieval world. She treats the history of Syrian culture not as a mechanical combination of parallel developments in literature, historiography, religion and science, but as an integral totality of knowledge and concepts, ideology and ethics. She discusses the cultural level of the people as a whole, including the spread of literacy and the scope of knowledge of an educated Syrian of this period. While concentrating on spiritual culture, which in medieval society was determined to a considerable extent by religious ideology, she observes these phenomena from a materialist point of view.

According to the original design, N. V. Pigulevskaya's book was to have consisted of three large chapters; the author's death, however, left this project unfulfilled. In Chapter 3, "The Spread of Syrian Culture", she planned to deal with the cultural activities of the Syrians in India, Central Asia, the Far East and Europe, which she linked to the major role the Syrians had played in the world trade and economy. She intended to assemble and present all data pertaining to the Syrians' trade and settlements along such important routes as the Great Silk Route and the Incense Road.

Chapter I, "Medieval Education of Syrians. The Syrians and Learning", consists of two large sections. The first deals with the content of Syrian culture at the educational level, presenting an ample exposition, based on Syrian sources (some of them unique), of the history of medieval Syrian schools, the organisation of education, the scope of the curriculum, the teaching methods and the activities of prominent teachers and educators. N. V. Pigulevskaya starts with a description of the initial stage in the teaching process, viz., the teaching of reading and writing. Elementary schools of the Syrians resembled {245} the parish and monastery schools of the Latin West, the Greek East and all the Slav countries. Both the curriculum and the teaching methods used in elementary education were not only preserved over many centuries but had international features: in Osrhoene as throughout the Christian world, education began with the study of the Psalms. Further studies concentrated on the Scriptures as a whole, but especially on the New Testament and its interpretation. School education, therefore, was basically clerical. Yet the Syrians were interested in secular sciences as well. This interest was promoted by their wide-ranging commercial ties, which made literacy indispensable, and the needs of production, which encouraged the development of complex technical knowledge, such as alchemistry, geography and agronomy. A certain amount of professional learning was also required of physicians and master craftsmen.

Elementary school was the first step towards special education, ecclesiastical as well as secular. In a special section devoted to the characterisation of the sources on the history of higher education of the Syrians, N. V. Pigulevskaya examines first of all the Nisibis Academy Statutes. This unique record of Syrian culture contains information on such aspects of the early medieval higher school as its structure and the living conditions, customs and habits of students and teachers. Reflected in it was a striving for a reform of the higher education and a discontent of the students. The author then proceeds to describe Barhadbeshabba ?Arabaya's treatise The Reason of the Foundation of Schools and An Ecclesiastical History, which supplement the Statutes, and cites new facts as well. The Reason of the Foundation of Schools contains two parts, the theoretical one presenting a philosophical analysis of the cognition of the world, and the other dealing directly with school life.

N. V. Pigulevskaya pays special attention to the Academy of Nisibis, the medieval Syrian university. She offers a detailed account of the history of that school and its activities, basing her research on the two sources mentioned above. Her book also contains the first translation into Russian of the Statutes of the Academy of Nisibis.