Мэтт Ридли - Секс и эволюция человеческой природы

• Название: Секс и эволюция человеческой природы
• Автор: Мэтт Ридли
• Издательство: Эксмо
• Жанр: Биология
• Год: 2011
• ISBN: 978-5-699-48641-0

«Основой нашей эволюции всегда был и будет секс». Кому-то это заявление покажется слишком радикальным. Почему именно секс? Ведь существуют и другие проявления человеческой природы? Но согласитесь, что только репродукция — единственная биологическая цель, ради которой мы существуем. А все остальное — лишь средства к ее достижению.

Способность к самовоспроизводству — это то, что отличает живые существа, например, от камней. Человеческая натура универсальна: от материка к материку, от столетия к столетию она остается неизменной. Природа человека, которую описывал Шекспир, по своей сути ничем не отличается от природы современного человека, и т. д.

Состарились только слова, а суть не изменилась…

---

— 1988, «Evolutionary Approaches to Human Behavior: What Does the Future Hold?», Human Reproductive Behavior, ed. L. Betzig, M. Borgehoff Mulder and P. Turke, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 317–41.

— 1990, «How Did Humans Evolve? Reflections on the Uniquely Unique Species», Museum of Zoology, The University of Michigan, Special Publication No. 1.

— and Noonan, К. М., 1979, «Concealment of Ovulation, Parental Care and Human Social Evolution», Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior, ed. N. Chagnon and W. Irons, Duxbury, North Scituate, Massachusetts, pp. 436–53.

Altmann, J., 1980, Baboon Mothers and Infants, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Anderson, A., 1992, «The Evolution of Sexes», Science, 257:324–6.

Anderson, J. L. and Crawford, С. B., 1992, «Modeling Costs and Benefits of Adolescent Weight Control as a Mechanism for Reproductive Suppression», Human Nature, 3:299–334.

Andersson, М., 1982, «Female Choice Selects for Extreme Tail Length in a Widow Bird», Nature, 299:818–20.

— 1986, «Evolution of Condition-dependent Sex Ornaments and Mating Preferences: Sexual Selection Based on Viability Differences», Evolution, 40:804–16.

Ardrey, R., 1966, The Territorial Imperative, Atheneum, New York.

Arnold, S. J., 1983, «Sexual Selection: the Interface of Theory and Empiricism», Mate Choice, ed. P. Bateson, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 67–107.

Atmar, W., 1991, «On the Role of Males», Animal Behaviour, 41:195–205.

Austad, S. and Sunquist, М. E., 1986, «Sex-ratio Manipulation in the Common Opossum», Nature, 324:58–60.

Avery, М. I. and Ridley, M. W., 1988, «Gamebird Mating Systems», The Ecology and Management of Gamebirds, ed. P. J. Hudson and M. R. W. Rands, Blackwell, Oxford.

Badcock, C, 1991, Evolution and Individual Behavior: An Introduction to Human Sociobiology, Blackwell, Oxford.

Baker, R. R., 1985, «Bird Coloration: In Defence of Unprofitable Prey», Animal Behaviour, 33:1387–8.

— and Beilis, M. A., 1989, «Number of Sperm in Human Ejaculates Varies in Accordance with Sperm Competition», Animal Behaviour, 37:867–9.

— and Beilis, M. A. 1992, «Human Sperm Competition: Infidelity, the Female Orgasm and Kamikaze Sperm», paper delivered to the fourth annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, July 22–6, 1992.

Balmford, А., 1991, «Mate Choice on Leks», Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 6:87–92.

— Thomas, A. L. R., and Jones, I. L., 1993, «Aerodynamics and the Evolution of Long Tails in Birds», Nature, 361:628–31.

Barkow, J. H., 1992, «Beneath New Culture is Old Psychology: Gossip and Social Stratification», The Adapted Mind, ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 627–37.

— Cosmides, L. and Tooby, J., eds, 1992, The Adapted Mind, Oxford University Press, New York. Barlow, H., 1987, «The Biological Role of Consciousness», Mindwaves, ed. С Blakemore and S. Greenfield, Blackwell, Oxford, pp. 361–74.

— 1990, «The Mechanical Mind», Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13:15–24.

— (unpublished) «The Inevitability of Consciousness», Chapter draft Basolo, A. L., 1990, «Female Preference Predates the Evolution of the Sword in Swordtail Fish», Science, 250:808–10.

Bateman, A. J., 1948, «Intrasexual Selection in Drosophila», Heredity, 2:349–68.

Beeman, R. W., Friesen, K. S. and Denell, R. E., 1992, «Maternal-effect Selfish Genes in Flour Beetles», Science, 256:89–92.

Bell, G., 1982, The Masterpiece of Nature, Croom Helm, London — 1987, «Two Theories of Sex and Variation», The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences, ed. S. C. Stearns, Birkhauser, Basel, pp. 117–33.

— 1988, Sex and Death in Protozoa: The History of an Obsession, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

— and Burt, A., 1990, «B-chromosomes: Germ-line Parasites Which Induce Changes in Host Recombination», Parasitology, 100: 519–526.

— and Maynard Smith, J., 1987, «Short-term Selection for Recombination among Mutually Antagonistic Species», Nature, 328:66–8.

Bell, Q., 1976, On Human Finery (second edition), Hogarth Press, London.

Bellis, M. A., Baker, R. R. and Gage, M. J. G., 1990, «Variation in Rat Ejaculates Consistent with the Kamikaze-sperm Hypothesis», Journal of Mammalogy, 71:479–80.

Benshoof, L. and Thornhill, R., 1979, «The Evolution of Monogamy and Concealed Ovulation in Humans», Journal of Social and Biological Structures, 2:95–106.

Bernstein, H., 1983, «Recombinational Repair May Be an Important Function of Sexual Reproduction», Bioscience, 33:316–31.

— Byerly, Н. С, Hopf, F. A. and Michod, R. Е., 1985, «Genetic Damage, Mutation and the Evolution of Sex», Science, 229:1277–81.

— Hopf, F. A. and Michod, R. E., 1988, «Is Meiotic Recombination an Adaptation for Repairing DNA, Producing Genetic Variation, or Both?», The Evolution of Sex, ed. R. E. Michod and B. R. Levin, Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 139–60.

Berscheid, E. and Walster, E., 1974, «Physical Attractiveness», Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 7, ed. L. Berkowitz, Academic Press, New York.

Bertram, В. C. R., 1975, «Social Factors Influencing Reproduction in Wild Lions», Journal of Zoology, 177:463–82.

Betzig, L. L., 1986, Depotism and Differential Reproduction: A Darwinian View of History, Aldine, Hawthorne, New York.

— 1992a, «Medieval Monogamy», Darwinian Approaches to the Past, ed. S. Mithen and H. Maschner, Plenum, New York.

— 1992b, «Roman Polygyny», Ethology and Sociobiology, 13:309–49.

— 1992c, «Roman Monogamy», Ethology and Sociobiology, 13:351–83.

— and Weber, S., 1992, «Polygyny in American Politics», Politics and Life Sciences, 22.no. 1.

Bierzychudek, P., 1987a, «Resolving the Paradox of Sexual Reproduction: A Review of Experimental Tests», The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences, ed. S. C. Steams, Birkhauser, Basel, pp. 163–74.

— 1987b, «Patterns in Plant Parthenogenesis», The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences, ed. S. C. Stearns, Birkhauser, Basel, pp. 197–217.

Birkhead, T. R. and Møller, A. P., 1992, Sperm Competition in Birds, Academic Press, London.

Bloom, P., 1992, «Language as a Biological Adaptation», paper delivered to the fourth annual meeting of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society, Albuquerque, New Mexico, July 22–6, 1992.

Boone, J., 1988, «Parental Investment, Social Subordination and Population Processes among the 15th and 16th Century Portuguese Nobility», Human Reproductive Behavior, ed. L. Betzig, M. Borgehoff Mulder and P. Turke, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 201–19.

Borgehoff Mulder, М., 1988, «Is the Polygyny Threshold Model Relevant to Humans? Kipsigis Evidence», Mating Patterns, ed. C. G. N. Mascie-Taylor and A. J. Boyce, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 209–30.

— 1992, «Women's Strategies in Polygynous Marriage», Human Nature, 3:45–70.

Bortolotti, G. R., 1986, «Influence of Sibling Competition on Nestling Sex Ratios of Sexually Dimorphic Birds», American Naturalist, 127:495–507.

Boyce, M. S., 1990, «The Red Queen Visits Sage Grouse Leks», American Zoologist, 30:263–70.

Bradbury, J. W. and Andersson, М. B., eds, 1987, Sexual Selection: Testing the Alternatives, Dahlem Workshop Report, Life Sciences 39, John Wiley, Chichester.

Bremermann, H. J., 1980, «Sex and Polymorphism as Strategies in Host-pathogen Interactions», Journal of Theoretical Biology, 87:671–702.

— 1987, «The Adaptive Significance of Sexuality», The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences, ed. S. C. Stearns, Birkhauser, Basel, pp.135–61 Bromwich, P., 1989, «The Sex Ratio and Ways of Manipulating It», Progress in Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 7:217–31.

Brooks, L., 1988, «The Evolution of Recombination Rates», The Evolution of Sex, ed. R. E. Michod and B. R. Levin, Sinauer, Sunderland, Massachusetts, pp. 87–105.

Brown, D. E., 1991, Human Universals, MacGraw-Hill, New York.

— and Hotra, D., 1988, «Are Prescriptively Monogamous Societies Effectively Monogamous?», Human Reproductive Behavior, ed. L. Betzig, M. Borgehoff Mulder and P. Turke, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 153–60.

Budiansky, S., 1992, The Covenant of the Wild: Why Animals Chose Domestication, William Morrow, New York.

Bull, J. J., 1983, The Evolution of Sex-determining Mechanisms, Benjamin-Cummings, Menlo Park, California.

— 1987, «Sex-determining mechanisms: an Evolutionary Perspective», The Evolution of Sex and Its Consequences, ed. S. C. Stearns, Birkhauser, Basel, pp. 93–115.

Bull, J. J., and Bulmer, M. G., 1981, «The Evolution of XY Females in Mammals», Heredity, 47:347–65.

— and Chamov, E. L., 1985, «On Irreversible Evolution», Evolution, 39:1149–55.

Burley, N., 1981, «Sex Ratio Manipulation and Selection for Attractiveness», Science, 211:721–2.

Burt, A. and Bell, G., 1987, «Mammalian Chiasma Frequencies as a Test of Two Theories of Recombination», Nature, 326:803–5.

Buss, D., 1989, «Sex Differences in Human Mate Preferences: Evolutionary Hypotheses Tested in 37 Cultures», Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 12:1–49.

— 1992, «Mate Preference Mechanisms: Consequences for Partner Choice and Intrasexual Competition», The Adapted Mind, ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 249–66.

Byrne, R. W. and Whiten, A., 1985, «Tactical Deception of Familiar Individuals in Baboons», Animal Behaviour, 33:669–73.

— and Whiten, A., eds, 1988, Machiavellian Intelligence: Social Expertise and the Evolution of Intellect in Monkeys, Apes and Humans, Clarendon Press, Oxford.

— and Whiten, A., 1992, «Cognitive Evolution in Primates: Evidence from Tactical Deception», Man, 27:609–27.

Cashdan, E., 1980, «Egalitarianism among Hunters and Gatherers», American Anthropologist, 82:116–20.

Chagnon, N. A., 1968, Yanomamo: The Fierce People, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.

— 1988, «Life Histories, Blood Revenge and Warfare in a Tribal Population», Science, 239:935–92.

— and Irons, W., eds, 1979, Evolutionary Biology and Human Social Behavior: An Anthropological Perspective, Duxbury, North Scituate, Massachusetts.

Chao, L., 1992, «Evolution of Sex in RNA Viruses», Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 7:147–51.

— Tran, Т., and Matthews, C, 1992, «Müller's Ratchet and the Advantage of Sex in the Virus phi-6», Evolution, 46:289–99.

Charlesworth, B. and Hard, D. L., 1978, «Population Dynamics of the Segregation Distorter Polymorphism of Drosophila melanogaster», Genetics, 89:171–92.

Chamov, E. L., 1982, The Theory of Sex Allocation, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

Cherfas, J. and Gribbin, J., 1984, The Redundant Male, Pantheon, New York.

Cherry, М. I., 1990, «Tail Length and Female Choice», Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 5:349–50.

Clarke, В. C, 1979, «The Evolution of Genetic Diversity», Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 205:453–74.

Clay, K., 1991, «Parasitic Castration of Plants by Fungi», Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 6:162–6.

Clutton-Brock, Т. H., 1991, The Evolution of Parental Care, Princeton University Press, Princeton.

— Albon, S. D. and Guiness, F. E., 1984, «Maternal Dominance, Breeding Success and Birth Sex Ratios in Red Deer», Nature, 308:358–60.

— and Harvey, P. H., 1977, «Primate Ecology and Social Organization», Journal of Zoology, 183:1–39.

— and Iason, G. R., 1986, «Sex Ratio Variation in Mammals», Quarterly Review of Biology, 61:339–74.

— and Vincent, A. C. J., 1991, «Sexual Selection and the Potential Reproductive Rates of Males and Females», Nature, 351:58–60.

Connor, R. C., Smolker, R. A. and Richards, A. F., 1992, «Two Levels of Alliance Formation among Male Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops sp.)», Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 89:987–90.

Conover, D. O. and Kynard, В. E., 1981, «Environmental Sex Determination: Interaction of Temperature and Genotype in a Fish», Science, 213:577–9.

Cosmides, L. М., 1989, «The Logic of Social Exchange: Has Natural Selection Shaped how Humans Reason? Studies with the Wason Selection Task», Cognition, 31:187–276.

— and Tooby, J., 1981, «Cytoplasmic Inheritance and Intragenomic Conflict», Journal of Theoretical Biology, 89:83–129.

Cosmides, L. М., and Tooby, J., 1992., «Cognitive Adaptations for Social Exchange», The Adapted Mind, ed. J. H. Barkow, L. Cosmides and J. Tooby, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 163–228.

Crook, J. H., 1991, «Consciousness and the Ecology of Meaning: New Findings and Old Philosophies», Man and Beast Revisited, ed. М. H. Robinson and L. Tiger, Smithsonian, Washington, DC, pp. 203–23.

— and Crook, S. J., 1988, «Tibetan Polyandry: Problems of Adaptation and Fitness», Human Reproductive Behavior, ed. L. Betzig, M. Borgehoff Mulder and P. Turke, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 97–114.