Николай Камзин - The implementation of the economic cycle: freedom, trust, duty

• Название: The implementation of the economic cycle: freedom, trust, duty
• Автор: Николай Камзин
• Жанр: Экономика

Existentialism proclaims the idea of a man present, performing a search for meaning, making choices, self-determining in its relation to reality, possessing an active subjective entity. In the process of economic activity a person is faced with the action of their own will influence other areas of the will of the active agents. He needs arise that require his satisfaction, he is involved in the economic cycle, some of which sectors are investigated in this study, namely: entrepreneurship, as a consequence of the implementation of a new combination of natural factors, business risk as a source of entrepreneurial profit and a catalyst for economic activity, business as routine economic activities aimed at developing the existing building, international business, as economic activity is possible at a potential that is created by public constraints, international payments, as the movement of financial resources for a business, writ proceedings, as inevitable, the procedure of execution of mutual obligations with the participation of the public entity, collateral relations, as security relationships that create a safety buffer for the counterparty.

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The world and its phenomena are dynamic, if at first glance, it seems otherwise, it is necessary either to change the lens, or just look at a different angle. To maintain the momentum of the dynamics in economic relations, but mostly for her influence on a public entity governed by the calculated ratio of participants. Every sovereign in its territory shall have the power to establish its own unit of account, the currency in which there shall be canceled and liabilities. Part 1[56], Art. 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation shall establish circulation in the Russian monetary unit of the Russian Federation granted the exclusive right to issue ruble Russian central bank to ban the introduction of other money. External essence of money is being used for correspondence of mutual obligations, to implement the «exchange opportunities»[57], as wrote Carl Menger. The inner essence of the concentration of labor, the expression of what they are in the form of purchasing power, the «price of money»[58] as refined J.A. Schumpeter.

Performing a logical ascent from mental image to a man to institutional education, to the sovereign state, and being fixed at an intermediate stage – the world community, promote mutual problem needs economically active subjects remains valid. For «movement is life» and human activities on behalf of the individual, society and the purpose and means of subsistence, as Ludwig von Mises wrote in his book «Human Action. A Treatise on Economics»[59]. Thus, the calculations, as a catalyst for the movement are the object of attention of all participants in community activities and are worthy of a comprehensive study of the scientific community, in particular in the spectrum of the mechanics of their conduct.

In the legal field, the obligation arising from attempts to satisfy the immediate need, the subject of law contradistinguish contractor generates a chain of activities on the «domino effect» from the counterparty to the counterparty. Continuity, stability, completeness of each act of this activity is important for the international community, in view of universal interconnection and interdependence, in order to avoid a negative result from the «butterfly effect» is able to break out. Assessing the prospects for the future, it would be foolish to give much weight to things, uncertain[60].

In the material world match the actual set of circumstances under the influence of events and actions previously agreed plan indicates the proper performance of mutual obligation that generates confidence in this subject, and strengthens its intangible asset called reputation. Similarly, in physics, developed a theory that the hypothesis, the assumption by the actual evidence, a single point of coincidence of the hypothesis with the actual reality of nature, becomes a theory, and exists as long as there is no other confirmation of the hypothesis refuted.

To explain the same set of experimental data can be offered different theories. Check them with the output of these effects, which are available testing experience. The content of these consequences should be different from the content of the data used in constructing the theory. If such effects do not withdraw, then the theory is fundamentally unverifiable[61]. «Nothing comes from nowhere and does not disappear». Describing the practice entrepreneur J.A. Schumpeter coined the term «neue kombinationen»[62]. A person is in principle an employer only if it «carries neue kombinationen» – it ceases to be such when they established the «case» will continue to operate within the circuit. That is, the entrepreneur provides practical innovation. If his idea is successful, the economic actors who have less marked the beginning of a creative appreciate it. According to George A. Akerlof are naturally the first entrepreneurs to become merchants who have skill to determine the quality of inputs and to certify the quality of the finished product[63]. There is a natural introduction of the idea of the inner world of business with the potential employer, and they interpret the innovation, organizing commercial «case». Globalization of economic space allows creative individuals to gain access to information resources around the world and generate any actual ideas. Business entities to choose innovative projects and implement them in any area, from their point of view, the most commercially friendly.

Production, as is known, is the interaction of various factors[64] for the implementation of any neue kombinationen connection is required, the combination, the coordination of individual factors, not always, or rather even not always located in the possession of a businessman, acting in their subject, whether public, public interest , which also stimulated by the global economic cooperation.

The form of business determines the legal status of the entrepreneur as the subject of economic relations in the broadest sense, the owner of commercial property, because her choice is an important issue to be addressed before the organization of any commercial project. In the process of implementing a business plan, due to environmental dynamics all subject to change, like the stability of the earlier decision, which varies depending on the circumstances of reality, the entrepreneur changes the shape and way of doing business[65].

As part of the global economy lasting processes, but rather «the direction and degree of change in national economic life of the set of elements compared to the previous point»[66], called the market conditions are «business processes» global and global crises points and starting end of the previous economic cycle.

To fully participate in this «game» called the international economic cooperation, however, as to begin a local business from the subject required his personal attachment to its nature depends on its role and the remuneration for their participation. The ultimate party «game», the consumer receives the rent as the excess of demand over the prevailing scale of the classical market, basically this is a false social value lost during the formation of the market and the market value of the accumulated savings in the form of money, an extra element to achieve the equivalent exchange[67].

A simple model implementation neue kombinationen, at a minimum requires:

– material resources;

– administrative resources;

– financial resources;

– innovative resources.

Accordingly, the actors and their remuneration are as follows:

The owner – rent;

The worker – wage;

The capitalist – the percentage;

The entrepreneur – a profit.

«It is easier to obtain than to keep», to maintain «stability zones» and the established order of the mechanism established by the provision of Art. 57[68] of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Entrepreneur as a reward for his activity and the idea of business expects to receive income, the worker for his labor a guaranteed wage, the capitalist expects a capital gain, and the government imposes taxes and fees on its territory owners and users, whether natural, or man-made objects[69].

The nature of international economic cooperation is multifaceted[70]. To describe its essence, the inner essence is to maintain world stability, permanence, the protection of existing values, the external entity is a reflection of the actual needs of stake holders to evaluate and order fulfillment.

Commitment generated by the commission of any act of the participants of this relationship remains «a feeling of incompleteness», in the science of psychology there is a «Zeigarnik effect» whereby indeed interrupted, «unerledigter Handlunge»[71] is a strong position in the subject's memory rather than acts of completed actions. With regard to institutional and public entities believe it is undeniable accounting and provide periodic reporting on performance results.

In terms of institutional organization relationships in terms of turnover of public goods, the basis of civil rights are the property relations carried out in three areas: innovation, production, commercial, and financial[72].

So, how do at this stage of development is organized pursuant to mutual financial obligations within the framework of international economic cooperation.

Fundamental principles of this system are the subjects, which represent the private, institutional and public education sovereigns.

Individuals – are physical persons, residents in the attitude of one or more of the state, and foreign nationals (non-residents) in relation to other.

Institutional Education – an association created to carry out joint activities and to achieve certain goals in the composition, which is composed of different reasons individuals, institutional, educational, public sovereigns.

A public entity – the state, public association with all the attributes to separate sovereign territory, the presence of which, in effect, and distinguishes it from modern institutional structures already so similar to the state, but it is located in one of the jurisdictions.

Operators, agents are specialized institutional education, acting in accordance with the laws of the jurisdiction and the presence of registration. The activities carried out under a special permit, license of the Central Bank of the sovereign public, which gives them the right to perform certain banking transactions in accordance with standard operating procedures, which registered the order of their conduct.

Under Part 2[73] of Art. 75 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as a significant public entity accounting relations, established by the Central Bank of Russia, so it is not «a natural product of banking development»[74]. Created by the will of the state and burdened with the primary function of protecting and sustaining the national currency. Detail its legal status is defined by the Federal Law «On Central Bank of Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)» № 86-FL[75].

In this world everything has its price, the price is set in the currency of a State, between actors in international economic cooperation is most often recorded in the contract price in the currency EURO or USD, in view of current practice. And she has developed through standard SDR, which is practically obsolete and is used by inertia, a multi-system formation is projected to include it as the Yen and possibly the Chinese Yuan, ruble considered as a candidate for this role, it is premature[76].

However, examining the individual operations, as a conclusion that it depends on the interests and understandings of the parties.

The legal basis for using the Russian ruble in international transactions is the Federal Law «On Currency Regulation and Currency Control» № 173-FL[77].

Even in the first edition of the law (October 1992) was declared that the foreign exchange operations with the Russian ruble current account balance of payments are made without any restrictions. This is possible already at the first stage of market reforms in Russia to ensure the growth of liquidity in the currency market of the Russian Federation and prevent the use of ruble in payments for foreign trade, primarily with the CIS countries. On June 1, 1996 pursuant to Decree of the President of Russia Russian Federation acceded to Article VIII of the Statute of the International Monetary Fund, which meant that the assumption of international obligations in support of the Russian currency convertibility on current account[78].

Based on these norms Russian commercial banks have the right to open correspondent accounts «Loro» in rubles for foreign banks with the ability to enroll in them proceeds from the sale of goods and services in Russia in favor of foreign companies – participants of foreign trade operations.

The currency, the money there and turned into cash and cashless. With regard to the activities of institutional actors have set limits, particularly in the Russian Federation has the following positions. «Payments in cash in the Russian Federation between entities and between legal person and a citizen engaged in entrepreneurial activities without forming a legal entity (hereinafter – the individual entrepreneur), between individual entrepreneurs associated with their business activities under one contract signed between these parties may be in an amount not exceeding 100 thousand rubles»[79]. Regarding the relations prevailing in the area of movement of goods across the customs border of the State of a reservation. «Customs fees paid in cash in accordance with Art. 331 of the Customs Code of the Russian Federation shall be exercised in accordance with Russian law, and not in accordance with the agreement concluded between certain parties. In this regard, when making these payments in cash rules Instructions № 1843-I does not apply»[80]. This clause was the basis for creating a specialized banking product «custom maps», «maps of foreign economic activity» referred to in different ways by individual lending institutions and[81], indeed, is a standardized (template) means of payment of customs payments on treasury bills of the Russian Federation.

Most of the complexity of the relationship are dispositive, folding, when equal entities shall cooperate on a voluntary mutual benefit, they are in the regulatory framework established by the ability to negotiate, to dialogue and reach a balanced conclusion as a result of negotiations.

So, consider the following situation. There is a subject which has the ability to provide goods or services, and the subject in need of this product or service, they know about each other, but still were in direct interaction and, consequently, the reputation of each other can only bring «outside help».

Risks in collaboration missing, as Homer wrote «dangerous maneuvering between rocks»[82] is present on this side and on the other hand, reached an agreement on price, product, date, it remains to solve the issue of making payments, how to organize calculations for specificity has led to what we have deal with the goods.

Options to address the issue:

– due to the fact that the subject goods has wished to implement it, and found a potential buyer one of the most simple solution is to supply the goods and pay the agreed price by bank transfer to the buyer's account to the seller. With such an arrangement at once manifested payment risk, for various reasons, the same output will only further costly legal collection formed the debt;

– if the volume of supplies divided into parties and payments, respectively, and divided into tranches, we can carry out periodic monitoring of the implementation of mutual commitments and control each other spending estimates in the form of an open account. The buyer receives the shipment after receiving the proceeds from its sale, or receipt of funds from the use of the goods in neue kombinationen takes payment and so on until the execution of mutual agreement in full;

– the concept of professional, expert testifies to the possession of the subject of theoretical knowledge and practical skills, that is, he goes in a certain area. In economic relations, the seller arranges for its own convenience, automation of the sales process «fork intermediaries» which communicates with the outside world and it is, except for access to a significant flow of external agents to me. Because a network of dealers is selling goods to buyers. In this scheme of cooperation buyer may cast doubt on whether the goods from the seller and its insurance, risk minimization, may insist on payments in the form of a documentary collection, that is, the seller will carry the shipment of goods from the warehouse, to delivery to the conditioned space, and receive payment for goods in based on this fact confirming documents. Significant risk of the seller under this assumption is that the buyer may refuse to purchase.