Анна Павлова - Participle, Gerund and Infinitive

• Название: Participle, Gerund and Infinitive
• Автор: Анна Павлова
• Жанр: Языкознание
• Год: 2012

В учебном пособии представлены задания и упражнения, необходимые для успешного освоения неличных форм английского глагола – причастия, герундия и инфинитива – по курсу практической грамматики английского языка.

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Exercise 3. Choose the proper form of participle I in brackets.

1. "Nonsense," said Caroline in reply… "You'll see. Ten to one she's left a letter (confessing, being confessed) everything." 2. (Turning, having turned) slowly, holding on to the wall, he dragged his way back into his room. 3. The following evening, (refusing, having refused) Elliot's telephoned order to fetch me; I arrived quite safely at Mrs Bradley's house. 4. (Pushing, having pushed) the people aside, he made his way through the crowd. 5. And for a moment they all three stood silently (looking, being looked) at one another. 6. Quickly (taking, having taken) her handkerchief, she hid her face in it and began to sob brokenheart-edly. 7. (Entering, having entered) his own room, he returned speedily with a heavy bound volume.

Exercise 4. Translate what is given in brackets using participle I in the appropriate form.

1. (Закрыв) the door with only the lightest slam, they went out together. 2. Julia sat eating rolls and drinking coffee in her room next morning, (думая) what she should do. 3. "Come along, quickly," said Nick (держа) the door of the driving cabin, "you're coming too." 4. He got up from his chair and (подойдя) to a shelf brought me a large album. 5. I kept silence for a while, (думая) of what Stroeve had told me. 6. When she had finished she sat (уставившись) in front of her for some minutes.

2.4 Syntactic functions of Participle I

Participle I has the following functions in the sentence:

1) an attribute:

Here is the telegram announcing his arrival. Вот телеграмма, извещающая о его приезде.

• Не came up to the crying child. Он подошел к плачущему ребенку.

2) an adverbial modifier:

a) of time:

As an adverbial modifier of time participle I may be preceded by the conjunctions when, while:

• When listening to her I understood that she was upset. Слушая ее, я понял, что она расстроена;

b) of cause:

• Not knowing his new telephone number I could not get in touch with him.

Так как я не знал его нового телефона, я не мог связаться с ним;

c) of manner and attending circumstances:

• For a moment they stood silently looking at one another.

Какое-то мгновение они молча стояли, глядя друг на друга.

• Не ran up to her, smiling happily.

Он подбежал к ней, счастливо улыбаясь;

d) of comparison:

As an adverbial modifier of comparison the participle is always preceded by the conjunctions as if, as though.

• He peered at me, as if not recognizing.

Он уставился на меня, как будто не узнал меня;

e) of concession:

• Не could not catch up with them though working very hard.

Он никак не мог догнать их, хотя и занимался очень напряженно;

f) of condition:

• Driving at this speed, we'll be there in no time.

Если мы поедем с такой скоростью, мы будем там очень скоро;

3) a parenthesis:

• Frankly speaking, you are wrong. Откровенно говоря, вы не правы.

• Putting it mildly, she was rather rude. Мягко говоря, она была довольно груба;

4) a part of the complex subject, the complex object, the nominative absolute participial construction:

a) the complex object:

The complex object consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and participle I. The complex object is used after:

– the verbs of physical sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel, to watch, to notice, etc.):

• She watched the children playing in the garden. Она наблюдала, как дети играют в саду;

– the verbs of causative meaning (to get, to set, to leave, to have, etc.):

• Don't keep her waiting. He заставляйте ее ждать;

– the verbs of liking or disliking (to like, to want, to hate, etc.):

• I hate you talking like that.

Мне не нравится, как вы это говорите;

b) the complex subject:

The complex subject consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and participle I. It is used with the verbs of sense perception in the passive voice.

• Two people were heard quarrelling. Слышали, как два человека ссорились;

c) the nominative absolute participial construction:

It consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the nominative case and participle I. Nominative absolute participial construction has the function of an adverbial modifier:

– of attendant circumstances:

• He ran into the room, his eyes shining. Он вбежал в комнату с сияющими от счастья глазами;

– of cause;

• It being a hot day, they went to the river. Так как день был жаркий, они отправились к реке;

– of time (occasionally): This having been settled, Bart left them. Когда все было улажено, Барт их оставил.

Table 4 – Syntactic functions of Participle

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the function of participle I.

1. At last she left smiling and blowing a kiss from the door. 2. Desmonde came with me to all the matches returning jubilant, to our customary Saturday luncheon. 3. He drove very fast with one hand as though not carrying whether he lived or died. 4. Her aunts sat side by side on the sofa glancing at each other. 5. She stood for a moment fumbling in her bag for her key; then the door opened and vanished inside. 6. Chambers sat watching her till she was out of sight. 7. I walked down to the beach to bathe, and my uncle, having something to do in the town, walked part of the way with me. 8. Driffield worked at night, and Rosie, having nothing to do, was glad to go out with one or other of her friends. 9. I sank down on the sofa, suddenly realizing what had happened. 10. A tenant had made inquiries concerning the house, wishing to rent it.

Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences using participle I in the function of an attribute (A), an adverbial modifier (B), a parenthesis (C).

A. 1. He saw a man… 2. He came up to the child… 3. He went along the street… 4. The room was crowded with students … 5. There were people … 6. He caught sight of a girl… 7. He received a telegram … 8. Don't be very noisy, you'll wake up the child …

B. a) of time:

1. He wrote the letter… 2. When… I visited all the museums there. 3. While … you must be very attentive. 4… I realize that it was wrong. 5… I met a friend of mine.

b) of cause:

1. He kept silence … 2. He found the hotel without difficulty … 3. She didn't return with us … 4. He wasn't listening … 5… they rang again.

c) of manner or attending circumstances:

1. She walked down the hill … 2. He went out quickly … 3. He laughed embarrassed … 4. He stood there … 5. He leant on the windowsill…

d) of comparison:

1. He flung himself his arms round his granny's neck as if … 2. He looked round as if … 3. He raised his head as if … 4. He looked at her with entreaty as though…

e) of concession and condition:

1. Though … I could not help smiling. 2. Though … will be there in time. 3. Though … she tried to look calm. 4… you'll catch up with the group.

С. 1. I… you are the last person I expected to see here. 2… we have only his word for it. 3… it is not at all unusual. 4… it was a horrifying thing to happen.

Exercise 3. Read the following sentences and analyze complex objects with participle I.

1. I overheard Dale saying something about it. 2. Then she heard the stranger laughing quietly, and his footsteps came across the room. 3. He found her watering some plants; her face expressed her surprise at his unusual presence. 4. At his home, he let himself in, and to his surprise, found his wife coming towards him in the hall. 5. They could hear the Invisible Man breathing. 6. Mike saw him standing in the doorway. 7. Then her charming lace grew eager and glancing round Young Jolyon saw Bosinney striding across the grass. 8. She found herself waking from sleep and crying, but what she was weeping for she had no idea at all. 9. I saw him walking briskly through the crowd … 10. She could hear Bart moving about outside, whistling as he worked.

Exercise 4. Read and translate the following sentences. Speak on the verbs after which complex objects with participle I are used.

1. He noticed a girl standing listlessly by a pillar and he slowed his pace. 2. I thought I saw something moving along the track. 3. But he found his traps waiting for him in the porter's lodge. 4. I opened the door with extreme reluctance and found Morton standing outside. 5. The four soldiers noticed Christian watching them. 6. She ran up the drive … and I heard her fumbling for the key. 7. From where she stood she could hear everything going on at once. 8. I heard the guards moving behind us. 9… their ears spread wide to hear the first noise that would send them rushing into the bush. 10. It set him thinking.

Exercise 5. Transform the following sentences into sentences with complex objects with participle I.

Model: I could see that Dave was still standing in the doorway. – I could see Dave standing in the doorway.

1. As Nick came up to Toby he turned and saw that Michael was watching them from the other side. 2. He found that the old man was still sitting grim in the darkness. 3. He could see that a man was standing on the pavement. 4. When he opened the window he heard how the birds were singing in the garden. 5. In a minute or two I noticed that her eyes were stealthily peeping at me over the top of the book. 6. I could feel that the room was rocking under my feet. 7. I noticed that now his eyes were resting on me with a faint smile of amusement.

2.5 Syntactic functions of Participle II

Participle II has the following functions in the sentence:

1) an attribute:

• Look at that broken cup. Посмотрите на разбитую чашку.

• Look at the cup broken by you. Посмотрите на чашку, разбитую Вами;

2) the predicative:

• Не felt disappointed. Он чувствовал себя разочарованным;

3) an adverbial modifier:

a) of time:

• When asked he always helped me.

Он всегда помогал мне, когда я его просил;

b) of cause:

• Occupied by his thoughts he didn't hear my question. Занятый своими мыслями, он не слышал моего вопроса;

c) of condition (usually with the conjunction if or unless):

• If asked he always helped me.

d) of concession (usually with the conjunction though):

• Though occupied by his thoughts, he willingly answered my question.

e) of comparison:

• Не looked at me, as if bewildered by my question. Он посмотрел на меня так, как будто был очень удивлен моим вопросом;

4) a part of the complex object:

The complex object consists of a noun in the common case or a pronoun in the objective case and participle II. The complex object with participle II is used after:

– verbs with a causative meaning (to have, to get, to make) denoting that something is done or made for the benefit of the person expressed by the subject:

• I had my hair cut. Я постриглась. (Меня постригли)

Negative and interrogative sentences are formed with the help of the auxiliary verb do.

• When did you have your hair cut?

Когда вы постриглись?

– the verb of sense perception (to see, to hear, to feel, to find):

• When I returned I found her gone.

Когда я вернулся, я обнаружил, что она ушла;

– the verbs denoting wish (to wish, to like, to want, to prefer):

• I want the letter posted at once.

Я хочу, чтобы письмо отослали почтой немедленно.

Table 5 – Syntactic functions of Participle II

Exercise 1. Read and translate the following sentences. Pay attention to the function of participle II.

1. This speech was received with great applause, mixed with the cries of: "That's the talk!" 2. Mr. Wren, startled, dropped his hat. 3. Rosie looked round with delight at the great dark smoky house, crowded to the ceiling with the inhabitants of South London. 4. Carried away by the melody, Marie went so far as to dance a step or two herself. 5. "Let's skate again," she said, "shall we? With crossed hands." 6. He seemed calmed and at peace. 7. I took her hands in mine: she held my sprained wrist gently. 8. These two people seem extraordinary interested in Mon Repos. 9. She seemed pleased at Jane's graciousness and complimentary sayings. 10. Surrounded by difficulties and uncertainty, he longed for Christine.

Exercise 2. Complete the following sentences using participle II in the function of an attribute (A), a predicative (B), an adverbial modifier (C).

A. 1. Here is the letter… 2. Where is the article …? 3. Everyone approved of the report… 4. This is the house … 5. They reached the village…

B. 1. "I felt utterly …" 2. He looked very … 3. He was angry because his plan was not… 4. Why should you look…?

C. a) of time:

1. He was always angry when … 2. The children won't stop quarrelling until… 3. He will go on reading the book until… 4. He was always polite when…;

b) of cause:

1. He took leave of them … 2… he couldn't say a word. 3… he opened his eyes wide. 4… she dropped her eyes;

c) of condition:

1. He will tell you everything if… 2. He will read late into night if … 3. He will speak for hours on end if…;

d) of concession:

1. Though … he tried to answer the question … 2. They went on running, though …;

e) of comparison:

1. He looked up as if … 2. He stood without moving as if… 3. He kept silent as if… 4. She stared at me as if…

Exercise 3. Read and translate the following sentences. Analyze complex objects with participle II.

1. Martha pulled herself free again, and said, "I don't want to have my hair cut." 2. I'll have your things brought up and unpacked at once. 3. She found herself so much disturbed by this visit that she could hardly find tongue to answer his questions. 4. He saw the question written in her wondering ashamed face. 5. And then I heard a box kicked across the floor, and the next moment Rob came into the bedroom. 6. Harold put his hand to her face and felt it flushed. 7. When Stella comes out I shall tell her I won't have my hair cut. 8. Never, never had I heard it sung so beautifully. 9. Almost the entire school saw the box delivered and all awaited the outcome with ill-repressed anticipation.