Пер Рудлинг - ОУН и УПА: исследования о создании "исторических " мифов. Сборник статей

• Название: ОУН и УПА: исследования о создании "исторических " мифов. Сборник статей
• Автор: Пер Рудлинг
• Издательство: Золотые ворота
• Жанр: Публицистика
• Год: 2012
• ISBN: 978-966-2246-16-2

Сборник статей «ОУН и УПА: исследования о создании «исторических» мифов» является вторым изданием в серии «Историческая правда», основанной Международным антифашистским фронтом в 2011 году.

В издании представлены исследования современных западных ученых — Пера Андерса Рудлинга, Тимоти Д. Шнайдера, Гжегожа Россолинского-Либе на тему украинского радикального национализма, фашизма, создания антиисторических мифов вокруг ОУН-УПА, преступлений против человечности, попыток героизации и реабилитации этих организаций и их членов.

Большинство исследований в Украине публикуются впервые.

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522

Dieter Pohl, "Anti-Jewish Pogroms in Western Ukraine," in Shared History-Divided Memory, ed. Barkan, Cole, and Struve, 306.

523

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 2, spr. 1, l.32.

524

Ibid., ll. 62, 64. All Ukrainian men between 18 and 50 who were obliged to join the militia were to have been divided into professional militiamen who were employed full-time and reserve forces ("volunteer members"-chleny-dobrovol'tsi) who earned a living elsewhere but could be mobilized at any time.

525

Ibid., l.62.

526

For the activities of the Ukrainian militia during the pogrom, see Yones, Die Strasse nach Lemberg, 18–19; AZIH, 301-1809, Jaroslaw Korczynski (Zeznania ocalalych Zydow), 1; AZIH, 301/4654, Henryk Szyper, 6; AZIH, 301/1864, Salomon Goldman, 1; AZIH 229/22, Maurycy Allerhand (Teka Lwowska), 1; and AZIH: 229-54, Teka Lwowska, 1. For general accounts of the Ukrainian police forces during World War II in Ukraine, see Dieter Pohl, "Ukrainische Hilfskrafte beim Mord an den Juden," in Die Tater der Shoah: Fanatische Nationalsozialisten oder ganz normale Deutsche? ed. Gerhard Paul (Gottingen: Wallenstein, 2002), 202-34; and Gabriel N. Finder and Alexander V. Prusin, "Collaboration in Eastern Galicia: The Ukrainian Police and the Holocaust," East European Jewish Affairs 34, 2 (2004): 95-118. For information on German assistance in anti-Jewish measures, see Patryliak, Viis "kova diial "nist" OUN (B) u 1940–1942 rokakh, 232.

527

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 2, spr. 1, ll. 60, 62.

528

On the antisemitism of the OUN-B leader Iaroslav Stets'ko, see Karel C. Berkhoff and Marco Carynnyk, "The Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and Its Attitude toward Germans and Jews: Iaroslav Stets'ko's 1941 Zhyttiepys," Harvard Ukrainian Studies 23, ¾ (1999): 149-84. For the activities of the Ukrainian militia, see Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 46.

529

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 12, l. 10 (Telegram of Iaroslav Stets'ko to Stepan Bandera, no. 13, 25.6.1941).

530

U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum, Record Group (USHMM RG) 31.018M, reel 20; Upravlinnia sluzhby bezpeky Ukrainy v Rivens'kii oblasti (USB v Rivens'kii oblasti), no. 19090, t. 3, ll. 3, 3v., 100, 101. On the militia, see also Pohl, Nationalsozialistische Judenverfolgung in Ostgalizien, 46.

531

According to Dmytro Honta, the printer of the posters, ten Jews were forced to help print the propaganda posters: see his "Drukarstvo Zakhidnoi Ukrainy pidchas okupatsii," Konkurs na spohady, Oseredok Ukrainian Cultural and Educational Centre Winnipeg, ll. 14–16. Some of the posters are in the collection of TsDAVOV. See TsDAVOV f. 3822, op. 1, spr. 63, ll. 112-14.

532

"Akt prohloshennia Ukrains'koi derzhavy," Samostiina Ukraina, 10 July 1941, 1.

533

"Sviatochna akademiia," Ukrains'ke slovo, 24 July 1941, 1.

534

BA Berlin-Lichterfelde: NS 26/1198, ll. 1–5, 10.

535

Ibid., ll. 9-12.

536

The OUN-B member Volodymyr Stakhiv sent to "Your Excellency" Adolf Hitler on 23 June 1941 an official letter in which he informed Hitler that the OUN believed that the Jewish-Bolshevik impact on Europe would soon be checked and that the "recreation of an independent national Ukrainian state in the terms of the Brest-Litovsk peace treaty will stabilize the national [volkisch] New Order." In the name of the OUN leader Stepan Bandera, Stakhiv also sent out a memorandum about the resolution of the Ukrainian question. See Bundesarchiv Koblenz R 43 II (Reichskanzlei)/1500, l. 61, memorandum on ll. 63–77. The OUN-B member Rikhard (Riko) Iaryi also sent a telegram from Vienna to Berlin; he assured Hitler of the OUN-B's loyalty, its readiness to struggle together with the "glorious German Wehrmacht" against "Muscovite Bolshevism," and its willingness to mobilize more Ukrainians living in Germany who could fight for the "liberation of Ukraine" and "finish with the chaos in Eastern Europe." See TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 22, l. 10.

537

BA Berlin-Lichterfelde: NS 26/1198, ll. 12–14.

538

Bruder, Den ukrainischen Staat erkampfen oder sterben, 135.

539

Ibid., 137. Franziska Bruder, "'Der Gerechtigkeit dienen': Die ukrainischen Nationalisten als Zeugen im Auschwitz-Prozess," in Im Labyrith der Schuld: Tater-Opfer-Anklager, ed. Irmtrud Wojak and Susanne Meinl (Frankfurt am Main: Campus, 2003), 138, 148.

540

Diukov, Vtorostepennyi vrag, 66.

541

Ievhen Stakhiv, Kriz' tiurmy, pidpillia i kordany (Kyiv: Rada, 1995), 99-100.

542

BA Berlin-Lichterfelde, R 58/217, Ereignismeldungen UdSSR, Berlin, 10 September 1941, no. 79, 1. 10; Berlin-Lichterfelde, R 58/216, Ereignismeldungen UdSSR, Berlin, 9 September 1941, no. 78, 1. 355.

543

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 29–35.

544

There are only four letters in the Politische Archiv des Auswartigen Amtes, R 105191 (Akten betreffend Ukraine: Lage der Volksdeutschen. Gebietsanspriiche Rumaniens. Ukr. Nationalbewegung, Denkschrift z. Entwicklung d. ukr. Gebiete). I cannot say how many letters were actually sent to Berlin.

545

For example, TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 29, l. 4 (Letters from Iavlon'ka, Raznychi, and Tel'chi).

546

For example, ibid., spr. 31, ll. 29–30 (Letter from Steniatyn to Stepan Bandera, 19 July 1941) or spr. 30, ll. 8–9 (Letter from Barani Peretoki to Iaroslav Stets'ko).

547

Ibid., spr. 31, l. 1. The handwritten letter is titled Zaiava da Uriadu Iaroslava Stets'ka.

548

Ibid., spr. 29, ll. 2–3 (Resolution from the village of Elblanivka, 13 July 1941). Here and below, these citations are example texts.

549

Ibid., l. 13 (Letter from the village of Ksaverivka, 19 July 1941).

550

Ibid., spr. 31, l. 36 (Letter from Steniatyn to Adolf Hitler, 19 July 1941).

551

Ibid., spr. 29, l. 9 (Letter from the village Ksaverivka to Iaroslav Stets'ko, 18 July 1941).

552

Ibid., spr. 29.

553

Letters and telegrams from various places declaring loyalty to the OUN-B government and the new administration as well as several descriptions of celebrations of the proclamation of the Ukrainian state are in ibid., spr. 15.

554

"Zvit robochoi hrupy istorykiv pry Uriadovii komisii z vyvchennia diial'nosti OUN i UPA," www.ukraine-poland.com/u/publicystyka/publicystyka.php?id=3480 (accessed 24 February 2009); TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 45, l. 2. See also "Zvit pro robotu v spravi orhanizatsii derzhavnoi administratsii na tereni Zakhidnykh oblastei Ukrainy," TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 15, ll. 1–4.

555

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 34, l. 40 (Report from the meeting of Ukrainian citizens of Zolochiv district).

556

Ibid., spr. 45, l. 2 (Ivan Klymiv's report to the leadership of the OUN).

557

Ibid., spr. 29, l. 1. The text of the letter from the village of Rudnyky was used with small modifications in letters from other places like Omel'no, Kulikovychi, Iavlon'ka, Raznyi, Tel'chi, etc. See ibid., ll. 1, 4–5.

558

Ibid., ll. 13–14. A list of 80 signatures is affixed to the letter. The same letter was also ad dressed to Iaroslav Stets'ko and signed by 75 people (ibid., ll. 9-12).

559

Ibid., spr. 31, ll. 29–30, 36–37, 31–32, respectively.

560

Ibid., l. 36. In another part of the same letter the enemies are called "bestial Asiatics" (zizvirili aziaty).

561

Ibid.

562

Regarding plenipotentiaries in 19th-century Galicia and the Habsburg empire, see John Paul Himka, Galician Villagers and the Ukrainian National Movement in the Nineteenth Century (Basingstoke, UK: Macmillan, 1998), 20–21.

563

TsDAVOV f. 3833, op. 1, spr. 29, ll. 13–14.

564

Ibid., spr. 31, l. 36.

565

Ibid., op. 2, spr. 1, l. 85. In the Ukrainian language of the OUN-B, Odyn narid-odyn provid-odna vlada.

566

Ibid., op. 1, spr. 31, l. 29.

567

Ibid., spr. 12, l. 15.

568

Ibid., spr. 31, l. 31.

569

Ievhen Stakhiv, interviewed by author, Berlin, NJ, 11 November 2008.