Юрий Слёзкин - Эра Меркурия

• Название: Эра Меркурия
• Автор: Юрий Слёзкин
• Жанр: Прочая научная литература
• Год: 2019
• ISBN: 978-5-17-109198-9

Исследование историка Юрия Слёзкина, автора монументального “Дома правительства”, посвящено исторической судьбе евреев российской черты оседлости – опыту выживания вечно чуждых (и тщательно оберегающих свою чуждость) странников-“меркурианцев” в толще враждебных (и вечно культивирующих свою враждебность) “титульных” наций. Этот опыт становится особенно трагическим в XX веке, в эпоху трех “мессианских исходов” – “в Соединенные Штаты, оплот бескомпромиссного либерализма; в Палестину, Землю обетованную еврейского национализма; и в города СССР, свободные и от либерализма, и от племенной исключительности”. Те, кто остался дома, исчезли в огне нацистского “окончательного решения”, но и Советский Союз (судьбам и исходу советского еврейства отведено особое место в книге) оказался мало похож на Землю обетованную…

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38

Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143; see also Bonacich, A Theory of Middleman Minorities, 586–587; and van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 139–144.

39

Цитируется в: Albert S. Lindemann. Esau’s Tears: Modern Anti-Semitism and the Rise of the Jews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997, 5.

40

Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 50.

41

Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249; Gmelch, Groups That Don’t Want In, 314; Maurice Samuel. The World of Sholom Aleichem. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1943)], 131.

42

Detienne and Vernant, Cunning Intelligence, 47–48.

43

Berland, Kanjar Social Organization, 249.

44

Gmelch, Groups That Don’t Want In, 314.

45

Jacob Katz. Out of the Ghetto: The Social Background of Jewish Emancipation, 1770–1870. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1973, 22.

46

Сравни: Gellner, Nations and Nationalism, 103–109; Kotkin, Tribes, passim.

47

Luhrmann, The Good Parsi, 91–95, 119; Jamsheed K. Choksy, Evil, Good, and Gender: Facets of the Feminine in Zoroastrian Religious History. New York: Peter Lang, 2002, 109.

48

Dario A. Euraque. The Arab-Jewish Economic Presence in San Pedro Sula, the Industrial Capital of Honduras: Formative Years, 1880s–1930s”, in Ignacio Klich and Jeffrey Lesser, eds. Arab and Jewish Immigrants in Latin America: Images and Realities. London: Frank Cass, 1998, 95, 109; Clark S. Knowlton. The Social and Spatial Mobility of the Syrian and Lebanese Community in Sao Paulo, Brazil, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 292–293, 302–303; David Nicholls. Lebanese of the Antilles: Haiti, Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Trinidad, in Hourani and Shehadi, The Lebanese in the World, 339–360; Crowley, The Levantine Arabs, 139; Nancie L. Gonzalez. Dollar, Dove, and Eagle: One Hundred Years of Palestinian Migration to Honduras. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1992, 93–100; Amy Chua. World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. New York: Doubleday, 2003, 116, 149–150.

49

David Himbara. Kenyan Capitalists, the State, and Development. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1994, 45; Kotkin, Tribes, 103, 205–209, 229; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 310–311, 344; Chua, World on Fire, 113, 157–158.

50

Chua, World on Fire, 3, 36–37, 43, 34–35; Bambang Harymurti, Challenges of Change in Indonesia // Journal of Democracy 10, № 4 (1999): 9–10; Kotkin, Tribes, 165–200; Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 175–176.

51

См., к примеру: Robert E. Kennedy, Jr. The Protestant Ethic and the Parsis // American Journal of Sociology 68, № 1 (July 1962): 11–20; Balwant Nevaskar. Capitalists without Capitalism: The Jains of India and the Quakers of the West. Westport, Conn: Greenwood, 1971; Peter L. Berger and Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao, eds. In Search of an East Asian Development Mode! New Brunswick, N. J.: Transaction Books, 1988; S. Gordon Redding. Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks, in Gary G. Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 27–42; Robert N. Bellah. Tokugawa Religion: The Cultural Roots of Modern Japan; Sombart, The Jews and Modern Capitalism. New York: Free Press, 1985. Макс Вебер пытается доказать, что только христиане-протестанты могли создать современный капитализм, но при этом, очевидно, исходит из того, что, будучи созданным, капитализм находит некоторые религии (включая и приведенные в нашем списке) более подходящими, чем другие. См. его Sociology of Religion, гл. XV–XVI, и в особенности Ancient Judaism.

52

Sowell, Migrations and Cultures, 19, 375. Косвенные предположения того же рода см. в Bonacich, “A Theory of Middleman Minorities”, 588; Gonzalez, Dollar, Dove, and Eagle, 81–92; Curtin, Cross-Cultural Trade, passim.

53

См. в особенности: Wong-Siu-lun, Chinese Entrepreneurs and Business Trust; S. Gordon Redding, Weak Organizations and Strong Linkages: Managerial Ideology and Chinese Family Business Networks; and Gary G. Hamilton. The Organizational Foundations of Western and Chinese Commerce: A Historical and Comparative Analysis, and The Theoretical Significance of Asian Business Networks, in Gary G. Hamilton, ed. Asian Business Networks. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1996, 13–26, 27–42, 43–58 and 283–298; Davis, Social Relations in a Philippine Market, 199–200; Granovetter, The Economic Sociology, 143–146; van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 140–143.

54

Francis Fukuyama. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity. New York: Free Press, 1995, 74, 85, 97–112.

55

Fukuyama, Там же, passim.

56

Eitzen, Two Minorities, 223; см. также: Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 31–34.

57

Nicholls, Lebanese of the Antilles, 348–349; Brenda Gayle Plummer, Race, Nationality, and Trade in the Caribbean: The Syrians in Haiti, 1903–1934 // International History Review 3, № 4 (October 1981): 517–539; Brenda Gayle Plummer. Between Privilege and Opprobrium: The Arabs and Jews in Haiti, in Klich and Lesser, Arab and Jewish Immigrants, 88–89.

58

Van der Laan, The Lebanese Traders, 4–5; Winder, The Lebanese in West Africa, 300; Anthony Reid, Entrepreneurial Minorities, Nationalism, and the State, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 56, 69 n. 61. См. также: Kasian Tejapira, Imagined Uncommunity: The Lookjin Middle Class and Thai Official Nationalism, in Chirot and Reid, Essential Outsiders, 75–98.

59

Van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 155; Bharati, The Asians in East Africa, 97–98; Seidenberg, Mercantile Adventurers, 203–204; Chua, World on Fire, 114. Амин цитируется по Los Angeles Times, August 14, 1972, процитированной в: Bonacich, A Theory of Middleman Minorities, 591.

60

Pan, Sons of the Yellow Emperor, 213–214, 215–219; Chua, World on Fire, 36, 44–45; Mary F. Somers Heidhues. Southeast Asia’s Chinese Minorities. Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia: Longman, 1974, 80–86; Garth Alexander. Silent Invasion: The Chinese in Southeast Asia. London: Macdonald, 1973, 130–143; Ben Kiernan, Kampuchea’s Ethnic Chinese under Pol Pot // Journal of Contemporary Asia 16, № 1 (1986): 18–29; Wu and Wu, Economic Development, 39–40; Eitzen, Two Minorities, 224–225; Reid, Entrepreneurial Minorities, 61; Harymurti, “]Challenges of Change, 9–10. Последняя цитата взята из: Abidin Kusno. Remembering/Forgetting the May Riots: Architecture, Violence, and the Making of Chinese Cultures in Post – 1998 Jakarta // Public Culture 15, № 1 (2003): 149.

61

См. главу 1, ссылки 50 и 52, в особенности Hamilton, The Organizational Foundations.

62

Nelson, The Idea of Usury.

63

Там же, xvi – xvii.

64

Цитата взята из van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon, 140. См. также: Bonacich, А Theory of Middleman Minorities, 589.

65

Heinrich Heine. The Prose Writings of Heinrich Heine, ed. Havelock Ellis. New York: Arno Press, 1973, 313.

66

Nelson, The Idea of Usury, xvi.

67

Hans Aarslef. From Locke to Saussure: Essays on the Study of Language and Intellectual History. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1982, 281–282; Maurice Olender. The Languages of Paradise: Race, Religion, and Philology in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1992, p. 1–5; R. H. Robins. The History of Language Classification, in Thomas A. Sebeok, ed. Current Trends in Linguistics, vol. 2. The Hague: Mouton, 1973, 7–11; Slezkine, Naturalists versus Nations, 84 and passim.

68

William Blake. William Blake’s Writings, ed. G. E. Bentley, Jr. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978, 1: 318.

69

See Harold Bloom. Shakespeare: The Invention of the Human. New York: Riverhead, 1998.

70

Sutherland, The Body; John M. Efron. Medicine and the German Jews: A History. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.

71

Cf. Zygmunt Bauman. Modernity and the Holocaust. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1989.

72

Цитата о “третьем сословии” взята из: Sigmund Mayer. Ein jüdischer Kaufmann 1831–1911: Lebenserinnerungen. Leipzig, 1911, которая цитируется в: Steven Beller. Vienna and the Jews 1867–1938: A Cultural History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989, 110. См. также с. 84–121.

73

David S. Landes. The Unbound Prometheus: Technological Change and Industrial Development in Western Europe from 1750 to the Present. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969: Ландес говорит в первую очередь о становлении современной технологии, но его метафора приложима к современной эпохе в целом; Calvin Goldscheider and Alan S. Zuckerman. The Transformation of the Jews. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984, 89; Arthur Ruppin. The Jews in the Modern World. London: Macmillan, 1934, 144–147; Ezra Mendelsohn. The Jews of East Central Europe between the World Wars. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987, 28; Joseph Jacobs. Jewish Contributions to Civilization: An Estimate. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society in America, 1919, 239; Saul Friedlander. Nazi Germany and the Jews: The Years of Persecution, 1933–1939. New York: Harper Collins, 1997, 77; Donald L. Niewyk. The Jews in Weimar Germany. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1980, 15; William O. Mc-Cagg. Jewish Wealth in Vienna, 1670–1918, in Michael K. Silber, ed. Jews in the Hungarian Economy 1760–1945: Studies Dedicated to Moshe Carmilly-Weinberger on His Eightieth Birthday. Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1992, 75, 79–89; Siegmund Kaznelson, ed. Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich. Berlin: Jüdischer Vcrlag, 1959, 720–759; Niall Ferguson. The World’s Banker: The History of the House of Rothschild. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998, 7 and passim; Robert S. Wistrich. Socialism and the Jews: The Dilemmas of Assimilation in Germany and Austria-Hungary. East Brunswick, N. J.: Associated University Presses, 1982, 61, 180–181.

74

McCagg, Jewish Wealth in Vienna, 74–91, William O. McCagg. Jewish Nobles and Geniuses in Modern Hungary. Boulder, Colo.: East European Quarterly, 1972, 16, 30, 42–43; Andrew C. Janos. The Politics of Backwardness in Hungary, 1825–1945. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982, 114, 225; Friedlander, Nazi Germany and the Jews, 80; Ruppin, The Jews in the Modern World, 207–211; Kaznelson, Juden im deutschen Kulturbereich, 760–797; Mendelsohn, The Jews of East Central Europe, 244–245; Jacobs, Jewish Contributions to Civilization, 237–246; Cecil Roth. The Jewish Contribution to Civilization. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1940, 278–283; György Lengyel. Hungarian Banking and Business Leaders between the Wars: Education, Ethnicity and Career Patterns, in Silber, Jews in the Hungarian Economy, 230; Nathaniel Katzburg. Hungary and the Jews: Policy and Legislation 1920–1943. Ramat Gan: Bar-llan University Press, 1981, 30; W. D. Rubinstein. The Left, the Right, and the Jews. London: Croom Helm, 1992, 13, 27; данные W. D. Rubinstein’a о еврейском участии в различных экономических элитах см.: в Niall Ferguson. The Cash Nexus: Money and Power in the Modern World, 1700–2000. London: Allen Lane, 2001, 378; Wistrich, Socialism and the Jews, 59–61, 180–181; о Ротшильдах см. в: Ferguson, The World’s Banker, 3, 1034–1036.