Мария Аполлова - Specific English. Грамматические трудности перевода

• Название: Specific English. Грамматические трудности перевода
• Автор: Мария Аполлова
• Издательство: «Международные отношения»
• Жанр: Языкознание
• Год: 1977

Пособие знакомит читателя с характерными особенностями английского языка и типичными случаями расхождений с русским языком. В нем суммируются те черты грамматического строя английского языка, которые в силу их специфики представляют трудность для учащихся.

В предлагаемом пособии ставится цель ознакомить учащихся, прошедших первоначальный курс английского языка, с некоторыми характерными системными особенностями этого языка и типичными случаями расхождений с русским языком. Поскольку способ выражения мысли проявляет себя прежде всего в строе языка, в его грамматике, то в пособии вскрываются именно особенности английской грамматики, притом те особенности, которые находили меньшее отражение, а главное — не подвергались достаточной отработке в учебной литературе.

Пособие не претендует на полноту и систематичность описания специфики английской грамматики, но обращает внимание учащихся на отдельные интересные, с точки зрения автора, моменты, которые и придают английской речи ее неповторимое своеобразие.

Кроме того, в пособии рассматриваются такие особенности английского языка, как конверсия, лаконизм английской речи, с одной стороны, и тенденция к известным усложнениям и избыточности — с другой, переходность глаголов и некоторые другие моменты.

Каждый раздел пособия содержит теоретические заметки с иллюстративными примерами в переводе автора. Пособие имеет упражнения, построенные на оригинальном языковом материале и направленные на закрепление практических и переводческих навыков.

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He was startled to see how much of a child she was, and

how very beautiful. Его поразило, сколько в ней еще детского и как она красива.

Такими же избыточными с точки зрения русского языка являются наречия quite и so в следующих примерах:

You’d better not eat quite so much. Вы бы лучше не ели так много. (букв.: «… так очень много»)

Dr Saunders did not know why the stranger so very much attracted him. Доктор Сондерс не понимал, почему незнакомец так сильно привлекал его. (букв.: «… так очень сильно»)

И совсем уже исключающими друг друга представляются нам a little и too (слишком) в следующей фразе:

Gray was apt to drink a little too much. Грей пил, пожалуй, многовато. (букв.: «… немного слишком много»)

Упражнения

I. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык, обращая особое внимание на перевод препозитивных определений.

1. If I were as young as you are, I’d have a walking holiday. 2. Get me a good crime story. 3. That’s the danger moment. 4. Like most shy men he greatly admired airy, vivacious, always-at-ease girls. 5. He had been drinking and wore the arrogant looking-for-a-fight expression that she knew from experience meant trouble. 6. Dr Uxbridge answered the telephone at once in a no-nonsense tone of voice. 7. The hands-off-Ogilvie rule didn’t make sense. 8. I sat down beside her and put on my impulsive little-American-girl act. 9. He told the now attentive crowd about how he was going to proceed. 10. Six restaurants ranged from a dining-room with gold-edged china and matching prices to a grab-it-and-run hot dog counter. 11. What excuse could she give for prowling about the house when all the other girls were getting their beauty naps? 12. And Melanie, with a fierce «love-me-love-my-dog» look on her face, made converse with astounded hostesses. 13. He glanced along the wall to the picture of James Calver: the low forehead and the fanatic bent-on-one-thing eyes. 14. «You’re something of an ideas-man, aren’t you?» «Something of. Why?» 15. She hated to abandon the shop as a Tom-watching centre. 16. She had apologised humbly to him on the morning after their how-do-I-know-I-know-you dialogue. 17. So she remained solitary at Gray-hallock except for the now frequent company of Nancy Bow-shott. 18. She lived in exhaustion, unhappiness and muddle as in a now accustomed medium, flopping in it like a creature in the mud. 19. The but too symbolically stripped look which the room had worn as a result of Lindsay’s depredations had quite gone. 20. He had come to see Emma, with whom he had previously had a slight party-going acquaintance, in order to ask her help and advice about getting his plays put on. 21. Somewhere we came to a hill of already about and busy red ants. 22. Anti-Marketeers in the constituencies will be pressing those MPs who have not already signed to do so. The hope is to secure a majority of the Parliamentary Labour Party as signatories to the withdrawal motion. 23. Joy, a glad-to-be-alive exhilaration, jolted through me like a jigger of nitrogen. 24. I managed a fast, first-rate job of assembling her going-away belongings. 25. Sometimes I shared her wake-up coffee. 26. I hadn’t seen Holly, not really, since our drunken Sunday at Joe Bell’s bar. 27. Fanny’s peevish architect brother was there, of course. 28. Plump rose-red Fanny had somehow so much made one with her rich art-dealer father and the great family collection that it made no sense even to ask whether Hugh had married her for the pictures. 29. All the officer patients in the ward were forced to censor letters written by the enlisted-men patients.

30. They had a «don’t care» appearance that James, to whom risk was the most intolerable thing in life, did not appreciate. They all laughed and teased her about her millionaire friend.

II. Переведите на русский язык, обращая внимание на перевод определений, оканчивающихся на -ed.

1. The shop was a popular greengrocer and fruiterer’s, an array of goods set out in the open air and plainly ticketed with their names and prices. 2. He crossed the carpeted floor. 3. The Treasury, the Presidencia, a dentist’s, the prison – a low white colonnaded building, and then the steep street down – whichever way you went you came ultimately to water and to river. 4. He began to pray with his brandied tongue. 5. The bar owner served the liquor to customers, paying Herbie half the going price of regularly bottled supplies. 6. Meyerheim has a fine gallery on the moneyed side of the Seine and he has an international reputation. 7. Joseph put his gloved fingers to his forehead. 8. The dark downward steps, the ordure against the unwindowed wall, the starving faces. 9. He knew that the tall ribboned officer was the Chief of Police. 10. He lost himself deeply in this fantasy, and did not awaken from it till he found himself carrying the bottles and tins into his still unservanted house. 11. The two, hatted and gloved, seemed to trot with a conscious demureness. 12. Goggled, helmeted and indomitable Robert Redford plays the daredevil pilot. 13. That kind of thing is a parented responsibility, and I’m going to allocate ninety-five per cent of responsibility for spoilt children to parents.

III. Преобразуйте выделенные слова в прилагательные на -ed. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Christine braked and, as the car stopped, a traffic officer in uniform walked forward. 2. His hands with gloves on them encountered a small pile of coins. 3. He stepped into the corridor covered with a carpet. 4. It was a long room with a window at each end, but with heavy curtains. 5. The room had stand-up ledges running along the walls with windows. 6. It was warm among the sacks, in the dark, in the windowless shed. 7. She blinked around and singled out the boy wearing spectacles. 8. In the nineteenth century it had been acquired by a linen manufacturer of vast wealth from County Tyrone, who had given it its present name and a pair of lateral towers with battlements.

IV. Переведите на русский язык следующие предложения со сложнопроизводными прилагательными.

А. 1. It was the best-financed reactionary campaign in history. 2. After a few months the newly-organised union shop went out on strike. 3. They attended the giant meeting of joint action groups which filled Yankee Stadium in 1924 in an industry-wide work stoppage. 4. Your soil was drenched with the blood of the Araucans in their century-long struggle, an unequaled epic of resistance to Spanish conquest. 5. Development of nuclear energy in the United States is hampered by monopoly profiteering, marred by profit-greedy companies which economise on safety precautions. 6. «Our society has become information rich and action poor,«he said. 7. Columbia is the second-biggest coffee exporting country in the world. 8. The Soviet airline Aeroflot said II-62 jetlines will make twice-weekly flights to the Portuguese capital. 9. A recently-published study called «Women in Top Jobs» examines why this should be so.

Б. 1. The rejection of the Senate of a labour-supported proposal on so-called welfare «reform» was defeated 52-34. 2. So it was, with misgivings yet relentlessly, that he wished to distance himself from her more accusing image, from the cat-hugging Fanny of the patience-cards and the swallows, the last really humanly-present Fanny that he had known. 3. He had also added an ornate grass porch over the steps, a vast mushroom-shaped conservatory, and a red-brick kitchen annexe. 4. Within the house always seemed to Hugh to be both dark and damp, centred around the cold stone-flagged still-room, full of rain-soaked overcoats and rows of muddy Wellingtons. 5. The National Union of Public Employees’ leader said he was «extremely disturbed» to see that a union-sponsored Labour MP, Mr Ted Leadbitter, had also opposed the visit. 6. Emma had contrived to give the room an Edwardian look, and appeared in the midst of it, her voluminous nylon dress seeming like transparent muslin, her silver-topped walking-stick half lost in the folds, Edwardian herself. 7. The nearest he could come to his satisfaction was the guilty enjoyment of Lindsay’s dry-lipped kisses while Emma’s stick tapped slowly across the next room. 8. There is no inflation because the country has a centrally-planned, scientific socialist economy. 9. The New York State Department of Labor has been charged with discrimination against Spanish-speaking unemployment benefit claimants. The Labour-controlled Castle Point District Council was meeting in the small hours of yesterday when a message arrived from Occidental Oil Company’s Los Angeles office. The Council has been supporting a bitterly fought campaign by the Castle Point Refinery (нефтеочистительный завод) Resistance Group, which three weeks ago moved the pickets to an Italian-financed refinery which has been the subject of an inquiry. 12. From the reaction in the labour press, it appears that even some of the most conservative sections of the labor movement have become more appreciative of the peace issue, after seeing its influence in the election and in the victory of labor-endorsed candidates from the President down. 13. The voice that came back, welling up from the bottom of the stairs, was silly-young and self-amused. 14. On my way home 1 noticed a cab-driver crowd gathered in front of P. J. Clark’s saloon, apparently attracted there by a happy group of whiskey-eyed army officers. 15. As April approached May, the open-windowed, warm spring nights were lurid with the party sounds, the loud-playing phonograph and martini laughter that emanated from Apartment 2. 16. «Hello, Doc,«she repeated happily, as he lifted her off her feet in a rib-crushing grip. 17. Usually Riley wore a tense, trigger-tempered expression; but now he seemed relaxed. 18. Nodding dreamily, he gazed away from us, above us, his acornlike eyes scanning the sky-fringed, breeze-fooled leaves. 19. Our candle, as though intimidated by the incandescence of the opening, star-stabbed sky, toppled, as we could see, unwrapped above us, a late way-away wintery moon: it was like a slice of snow, near and far creatures called to it, hunched moon-eyed frogs, a claw-voiced wildcat. 20. Languid, banana-boned, she had dour black hair and an apathetic, at moments saintly face. 21. It is they who are playing more and more of a role in this struggle which is part of the world-changing tides of our times. 22. Dr James Colernan chaired a government-sponsored study group which produced the 1965 report «Equality of Educational Opportunity». 23. The Soviet proposed agreement would help to solve the problem of protecting the environment, 24. Both women lived in modest, book-filled apartments. 25. We have about 150 reform-minded members. Then we have about that many old-timers who are dead set against any reforms. 26. «That she has,«echoed the ladies in their choir-trained voices. 27. I took myself toward the jail, which is a box-shaped brick building next door to the Ford Motor Company. 28. In after years how often, trailing through the cold rooms of museums, I stopped before such a picture, stood long haunted moments having it recall that gone scene, not as it was, a band of goose-fleshed children dabbling in an autumn creek, but as the painting presented it, husky youths and wading water-diamonded girls. 29. With her kitchen-slopped apron she wiped my face. 30. We surveyed the view from the cemetery hill, and arm in arm descended to the summer-burned, September-burnished field. 31. British-seconded officers flying British-supplied planes and in command of Oman infantry units have been involved in the fighting for years. 32. He worked as a docker, although he had been college-trained in architectural science. 33. Doctor Winter repeated, «Eleven o’clock, and they’ll be here then, too.

A time-minded people, Joseph.» 34. After six hours’ travelling he came to La Candelaria, which lay, a long tin-roofed village, beside one of the tributaries of the Grijalva River. 35. She had a way of viewing regular-salaried employment as somehow inimical to integrity. 36. Soames could not see that for which Bosinney was waiting as he stood there drinking-in the flower-scented wind. 37. He left in a chauffeur-driven Daimler.

V. В следующих предложениях преобразуйте выделенные словосочетания в сложнопроизводные прилагательные и переведите предложения на русский язык.

1. Не hurried across the square shaded by trees. 2. His hair parted in the middle was still white and thick. 3. The President accused the Congress controlled by the Democrats of failing to meet the need for reform in the US. 4. She paused at the counter with a marble top and picked up her cigarettes and a few matches. 5. The condition of the Arab people in the territories occupied by the Israeli continues to degenerate. The measure passed by the Senate took shape two years ago. The view from there is very fine: the limitless trembling surface of River Woods, fifty unfolding miles of ploughed farmland with wind-mills. 8. His bald freckled head was big, like a dwarf’s. 9. But Doc Golightly’s proud earnest eyes and hat stained with sweat made me ashamed of such suspicions. 10. A general election is an election throughout a state. 11. This muddy street down which she had driven a thousand times during the war, along which she had fled with ducked head and legs quickened by fear, when shells burst over her during the siege, was so strange looking that she felt like crying. 12. The concrete parking area with a low ceiling was silent and deserted. 13. Behind the man wearing a yellow scarf more passengers with other problems pressed forward urgently. 14. In general the educational system financed by the state is a two-tier one of primary and secondary schools.

VI. Переведите следующие словосочетания.

presidential elections, governmental job, senatorial convention, secretarial duties, ambassadorial car, congressional election, presidential assassination, environmental impact, potential vice-presidential candidate, governmental functions, the dangers of environmental modification for military purposes, architectural job, ambassadorial appointments, senatorial approval, congressional power to impeach, presidential appointment of judges, governmental system, secretarial and clerical assistances, congressional majority.