Говард Рейнгольд - Умная толпа

• Название: Умная толпа
• Автор: Говард Рейнгольд
• Издательство: ФАИР-ПРЕСС
• Жанр: Прочая научная литература
• Год: 2006
• ISBN: 5-8183-1004-3

Мобильная связь и повсеместная компьютеризация уже начинают менять способы общения, трудовой и творческой деятельности, торговли, управления. Информационные технологии и их многообразное воздействие на различные сферы жизни общества — такова тема книги, предлагаемой вниманию читателей. Через десять лет, утверждает автор на основании многочисленных исследований, наблюдений и интервью, основные места средоточия населения Земли будут наводнены микросхемами, способными общаться друг с другом. Люди, оснащенные такими устройствами, составят «умные толпы», и их общение обретет невиданные прежде формы и возможности.

Для широкого круга читателей.

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Глава 2

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19. Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1989), 78.

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21. Kropotkin, Mutual Aid, 171.

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35. Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation.

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38. P. Farb, Man's Rise to Civilization as Shown by the Indians of North America from Primeval Times to the Coming of the Industrial State (New York: Dutton, 1968).

39. Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (New York: Doubleday, 1984).

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41. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000).

42. Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late-The Origins of the Internet (New York: Touchstone, 1998).

43. Levy, Hackers.

44. Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late.

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46. William Henry Gates III, «An Open Letter to Hobbyists», Altair Users' Newsletter, 3 February 1976.

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49. Ritchie, «The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System».

50. Moffit, «Nick Moffit's $7 History of Unix».

51. Richard Stallman, «The Free Software Definition». The GNU Project, Free Software Foundation, 2000, «http://www.gnu.org/philoso-phy/free-sw.html» (17 June 2001) [на рус. яз.: Ричард Столлмен. GNU GPL и американский образ жизни / Компьютерра. 2001. № 10 (387). 14 марта].

52. Ibid. See also: Michael Stutz, «Freed Software Winning Support, Making Waves», Wired News, 30 January 1998, «http://www.wired.com/ news/technology/0,1282,9966,00.html» (5 February 2002).

53. Eric Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar. Musings on Linux and Open Source by an Accidental Revolutionary (Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly and Associates, 1997). See also: «http://www.tuxedo.org/~esr/ writings/homesteading/» (29 January 2002).

54. BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Domain), «http://www.isc.org/ products/BIND/» (16 January 2002).

55. Network Working Group, ed. B. Carpenter, «Architectural Principles of the Internet», June 1996, «http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfcl958.txt» (26 November 2001).

56. Tim Berners-Lee, «Information Management: A Proposal», 1989, «http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html» (29 January 2002).

57. Andy Server, «It Was My Party — and I Can Cry If I Want To», Business 2.0, March 2001, «http://www.business2.com/articles/ mag/0,1640,9662,FF.html» (12 August 2001).

58. Daniel Dern, «A Real Brief History of Usenet», BYTE Magazine, 4 September 1999.

59. Smith, «Mapping Social Cyberspaces», 12.

60. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House, 2001).

61. «FCC Launches Proceeding to Promote Widespread Deployment of High-speed Broadband Internet Access Services», 14 February 2002, «http://www.fcc.gov/Bureaus/Common_Carrier/News_Releases/2002/ nrcc0202.html» (24 February 2002).

62. «Cable TV Lobby, Including Comcast, Tells FCC: Give Us a „Closed“ Broadband Net», Center for Digital Democracy, 15 February 2002, «http://www.democraticmedia.org/news/washingtonwatch/ca-bleletter.html» (25 February 2002). See also: Cable Industry FCC Lobbying Document, Center for Digital Democracy, 8 February 2002, «http:// www.democraticmedia.org/resources/filings/cableFCCLobbyingDocu-ment.pdf» (25 February 2002).

63. «FCC Sides with Cable Net Firms», Associated Press, 14 March 2002, «http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,51061,00.html» (29 March 2002).

64. L. Garton, С Haythornthwaite, and B. Wellman, «Studying Online Social Networks», Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 3, 1 (1997): 1.

65. Barry Wellman, «Physical Place and CyberPlace: The Rise of Personalized Networking», International journal of Urban and Regional Research 25, 2 (2001): 227-252, «http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~wellman/ publications/individualism/ijurr3al.htm» (29 March 2002).

66. Alun Anderson, «The Mathematics of Mayhem», in The World in 2001, «http://www.theworldin.com/arts/sci/fsl.html» (5 May 2001).

67. Gordon E. Moore, «Cramming More Components onto Integrated Circuits», Electronics 38, 8 (19 April 1965): 114-117.

68. «Moore's Law», Intel Corporation, «http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm» (21 December 2001).

69. Scott Kirsner, «The Legend of Bob Metcalfe», Wired 6.11, November 1998, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive//6.11/metcalfe.html? person=bob_metcalfe amp;topic_set=wiredpeople» (27 January 2002).

70. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», originally appeared in Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) «http://www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/ digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp» (25 January 2002).

71. Francis Fukuyama, Trust. The Social Virtues and the Creation of Prosperity (New York: Free Press, 1995).

72. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential», 1999.

Глава 3

1. Epigraph: Cory Doctorow, «My Date with the Gnomes of San Jose», Mindjack, 15 October 2000. «http://www.mindjack.com/feature/ p2p.html.» (25 January 2002).

2. Charlene Anderson, «SETI@home and the Planetary Society: A Reminiscence and a Hope for the Future», May 2000, «http:// www.planetary.org/UPDATES/seti/seti@home_and_planetary_society.html» (20 January 2002). See also: Roving Mouse, «SETI@home Stats», «http:// www.roving-mouse.com/setiathome/» (25 January 2002).

3. Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).

4. David P. Reed, «That Sneaky Exponential: Beyond Metcalfe's Law to the Power of Community Building», Context Magazine, Spring 1999 (by permission of DiamondCluster International, Inc. © 1999) «http:.//www.contextmag.com/archives/199903/digitalstrategyreedslaw.asp» (1 February 2002).

5. John F. Shoch and Jon A. Hupp, «Notes on the 'Worm' Programs — Some Early Experience with a Distributed Computation», Xerox PARC, September 1980.

6. Ibid., 1. See also: John Branner, Shockwave Rider (New York: Del Rey, 1975), 249-252.

7. Miron Livny and Udi Manber, «Distributed Computation Via Active Messages», IEEE Transactions on Computers 34, 12 (1985): 1185-1190.

8. «Deepest Computation in History for a Yes/No Answer», Technical News Release, 29 September 1999, «http://www.perfsci.com/ F24release.html» (1 February 2002).

9. «GIMPS Finds First Million-Digit Prime, Stakes Claim to $50,000 EFF Award», 30 June 1999, «http://www.mersenne.org/6972593.htm» (30 January 2002).

10. «Distributed Computing for Global Climate Research at Rutherford Appleton Laboratory», «http://www.climate-dynamics.rl.ac.uk/ index.html» (25 January 2002).

11. United Devices, «http://www.ud.com/» (1 February 2002).

12. «The United Devices Cancer Research Program», «http://www.intel.com/cure/united.htm» (23 December 2001).

13. Henry Norr, «Idle Computer Time Can Fight Cancer», San Francisco Chronicle, 4 April 2001, Bl.

14. Paul Marks, «Anthrax Screensaver Finds Promising New Drugs», NewScientist.com, 19 February 2002, «http://www.newscientist.com/ news/news.jsp?id=ns99991953» (19 February 2002).

15. Google Compute, «http://toolbar. google.com/dc/faq_dc.html» (6 March 2002).

16. Harry McCracken, «The Digital Century», PC World, December 1999, «http://www.pcworld.com/resource/article.asp?aid=13531» (5 February 2002).

17. Matt Richtel, «With Napster Down, Its Audience Fans Out», New York Times, 20 July 2001, «http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/20/ college/coll20MUSI.html» (2 February 2002); Ron Harris, «Technology: Copyright Laws at Stake in Napster Case», Nando Times, 2 March 2001, «http://archive.nandotimes.eom/technology/story/0,1643,500458967500698582503788773-0,00.html» (5 February 2002).

18. Dan Bricklin, «The Cornucopia of the Commons», in Peer-to-Peer: Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001).

19. Ashlee Vance, «Napster Serenades Songwriters, Ready to End Lawsuit», Unlimited Net, 26 September 2001, «http://www.unlimited.net.nz/unlimited/unlimited.nsf/ArchiveByAuthor/3CC3423C3EA87267CC256AD2006D2BA9?OpenDocument» (5 February 2002).

20. «Napster Offers $1 Billion to Settle Suit», CNN.com, 21 February 2001, «http://www.cnn.com/2001/LAW/02/20/napster.settlement.03/» (5 February 2002).

21. Gene Kan [1977-2002], «Gnutella», in Peer-to-Peer Harnessing the Power of Disruptive Technologies, ed. Andy Oram (Sebastopol, Calif.: O'Reilly and Associates, 2001); «What Is Gnutella?» Gnutella News, «http://www.gnutellanews.com/information/what_is_gnutella.shtml» (2 February 2002).