Говард Рейнгольд - Умная толпа

• Название: Умная толпа
• Автор: Говард Рейнгольд
• Издательство: ФАИР-ПРЕСС
• Жанр: Прочая научная литература
• Год: 2006
• ISBN: 5-8183-1004-3

Мобильная связь и повсеместная компьютеризация уже начинают менять способы общения, трудовой и творческой деятельности, торговли, управления. Информационные технологии и их многообразное воздействие на различные сферы жизни общества — такова тема книги, предлагаемой вниманию читателей. Через десять лет, утверждает автор на основании многочисленных исследований, наблюдений и интервью, основные места средоточия населения Земли будут наводнены микросхемами, способными общаться друг с другом. Люди, оснащенные такими устройствами, составят «умные толпы», и их общение обретет невиданные прежде формы и возможности.

Для широкого круга читателей.

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64. Lessig, The Future of Ideas, 230.

Глава 7

1. Epigraph: Vincente Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd: Messianic Politics in Recent Philippine History», 13 June 2001. «http:// communication.ucsd.edu/people/f__rafael.cellphone.html».

2. Michael Bociurkiw, «Revolution by Cell Phone», Forbes, 10 September 2001, «http://www.forbes.com/asap/2001/0910/028.html» (1 March 2002).

3. Paul de Armond, «Black Flag Over Seattle», Albion Monitor 72, March 2000, «http://www.monitor.net/monitor/seattlewto/index.html» (1 March 2002).

4. Alexander MacLeod, «Call to Picket Finds New Ring in Britain's Fuel Crisis», Christian Science Monitor, 19 September 2000. See also: Chris Marsden, «Britain's Labour Government and Trade Union Leaders Unite to Crush Fuel Tax Protest», World Socialist Web Site, 15 September 2000, «http://www.wsws.org/articles/2000/sep2000/fuel-sl5.shtml» (1 March 2002).

5. Steve Mann and Hal Niedzviecki, Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer (Mississauga: Dou-bleday Canada, 2001), 177-178.

6. Critical Mass, «http://www.critical-mass.org/» (6 March 2002).

7. Anne Torres, «4 SME, Txtng is Lyf», TheFeature com, 18 April 2001, «http://www.thefeature.com» (1 March 2002).

8. Bociurkiw, «Revolution by Cell Phone».

9. Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd».

10. Arturo Bariuad, «Text Messaging Becomes a Menace in the Philippines», Straits Times, 3 March 2001.

11. Wayne Arnold, «Manila's Talk of the Town Is Text Messaging», New York Times, 5 July 2000, CI.

12. Bariuad, «Text Messaging Becomes a Menace».

13. Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd».

14. Richard Lloyd Parry, «The TXT MSG Revolution», Independent Digital, 23 January 2001, «http://www.independent.co.uk/story.jsp?story=51748» (1 March 2002).

15. Rafael, «The Cell Phone and the Crowd».

16. De Armond, «Black Flag Over Seattle».

17. David Ronfeldt and John Arquilla, «Networks, Netware, and the Fight for the Future», First Monday 6, 10 (October 2001), «http:// firstmonday.org/issues/issue6_10/ronfeldt/index.html» (1 March 2002).

18. John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, eds., Networks and Net-wars— The Future of Terror, Crime, and Militancy (Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND, 2001).

19. Jim Lai, «The Future of Infantry», Mindjack 28, January 2002, «http://www.mindjack.com/feature/landwarrior.htrnl» (1 March 2002).

20. Ian Sample, «Military Palmtop to Cut Collateral Damage», New Scientist, 9 March 2002, «http://www.newscient.ist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99992005» (29 March 2002).

21. Arquilla and Ronfeldt, eds., Networks and Netware, 310-313.

22. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, ed. J. P. Mayer and Max Lerner, trans. George Lawrence (New York: Harper and Row, 1966), 483-484. [на рус. яз.: Демократия в Америке. / Пер. с фр. В. Олейника. — М.: Прогресс-Литера, 1994. — Кн. 2. — С.377-378.

23. Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990).

24. Nick Montfort, «My Pager, My Matchmaker», Ziff Davis Smart Business, 7 July 2000, «http://techupdate.zdnet.eom/techupdate/stories/ main/0,14179,2577889,00.html» (1 March 2002).

25. «Bleep at First Sight», Reuters, 15 May 1998, «http://www.wired. com/news/news/culture/story/12342.html » (1 March 2002).

26. Craig Wilson, «'Gaydar' Device Clears Up Mixed Signals», USA Today, 25 February 2000, «http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/ review/crg942.htm» (1 March 2002).

27. Montfort, «My Pager, My Matchmaker»..

28. ImaHima, «http://www.imahima.com/index. jsp» (1 March 2002).

29. Diego Ibarguen, «Tracking Celebrities Via Cell Phones, Web Sites», San Francisco Chronicle, 21 January 2001.

30. Justin Hall, «Mobile Reporting: Peer-to-Peer News», The-Feature.com, 20 February 2002, «http://www.thefeature.com/printable.jsp?pageid=14274» (1 March 2002).

31. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg

32. Gerd Kortuem et al., «Close Encounters: Supporting Mobile Collaboration through Interchange of User Profiles», in Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC99), 1999, Karlsruhe, Germany, «http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/ research/wearables/Papers/HUC99-kortuem.pdf» (6 March 2002).

33. ImaHima Press Releases, shttp://www.imahima.com/en/news3. html» (1 March 2002).

34. Deborah Mendez-Wilson, «Users Turned to Pagers When Phone Lines Went Down in Crisis», Wireless Week, 24 September 2001, «http:// www.wirelessweek.com/index.asp?layout=story amp;articleId=CAl60205» (1 March 2002).

35. John Geirland, «Mobile Community», TheFeature.com, 24 September 2001, «http://thefeature.com/article.jsp?pageid=12836» (1 March 2002).

36. ENGwear: Wearable Wireless Systems for Electronic News Gathering, «http://www.eyetap.org/hi/ENGwear/» (1 March 2002).

37. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 175-176.

38. Hall, «Mobile Reporting».

39. Henry Jenkins, «Digital Renaissance», Technology Review, March 2002, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/jenkins0302.asp» (24 February 2002).

40. Gerd Kortuem et al., «When Peer-to-Peer Comes Face-to-Face: Collaborative Peer-to-Peer Computing in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks», 2001 International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing (P2P2001), 27-29 August 2001, Linkoping, Sweden, «http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/ research/wearables/Papers/p2p2001.pdf» (6 March 2002).

41. T. G. Zimmerman, «Personal Area Networks: Near-Field In-trabody Communication», IBM Systems Journal 35, 3 amp;4 (1996), «http:// www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/mit/sectione/zimmerman.html» (6 March 2002).

42. Kortuem et al., «When Peer-to-Peer Comes».

43. Paul Rankin, «Context-Aware Mobile Phones: The Difference Between Pull and Push, Restoring the Importance of Place», Philips Research Laboratories, Redhill, Surrey, U. K.

44. Jay Schneider et al., «Auranet: Trust and Face-to-Face Interactions in a Wearable Community», Technical Report WCL-TR15, July 2001, «http://www.cs.uoregon.edu/research/wearables/Papers/ auranet.pdf» (6 March 2002).

45. Erving Goffman, The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life (Garden City, N. Y: Doubleday, 1959).

46. Jay Schneider et al., «Disseminating Trust Information in Wearable Communities», 2-nd Internacional Symposium on Handheld and Ubiquitous Computing (HUC2K), 25-27 September 2000, Bristol, England, «http://www.es. uoregon.edu/research/wearables/Papers/HUC2K.pdf» (6 March 2002).

47. Gerd Kortuem et al, «When Cyborgs Meet: Building Communities of Cooperating Wearable Agents», Proceedings Third International Symposium on Wearable Computers, 18-19 October 1999, San Francisco, California,«http://www.computer.org/proceedings/iswc/0428/04280124abs. htm» (6 March 2002).

48. Natalie S. Glance and Bernardo A. Huberman, «The Dynamics of Social Dilemmas», Scientific American, March 1994, 76-81.

49. Mark Granovetter, «Threshold Models of Collective Behavior», American Journal of Sociology 83, 6 (1978): 1420-1443.

50. Michael Suk-Young Chwe, Rational Ritual. Culture, Coordination, and Common Knowledge (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), «http://www.chwe.net/michael/r.pdf» (6 March 2002).

51. Kevin Kelly, Out of Control (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1994), «http://www.kk.org/outofcontrol/index.html» (6 March 2002).

52. William Benzon, Beethoven's Anvil. Music in Mind and Culture (New York: Basic Books, 2001).

53. William Morton Wheeler, Emergent Evolution and the Development of Societies (New York: WW. Norton, 1928).

54. Steven Johnson, Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, Brains, Cities, and Software (New York: Scribner, 2001).

55. Bernardo A. Huberman, «The Social Mind», in Origins of the Human Brain, ed. Jean-Pierre Changeux and Jean Chavaillon (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), 250.

56. Kay-Yut Chen, Leslie R. Fine, and Bernardo Huberman, «Forecasting Uncertain Events with Small Groups», HP Laboratories, Palo Alto, California, 3 August 2001, «http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm? abstract_id=278601» (6 March 2002).

57. Norman Johnson et al., «Symbiotic Intelligence: Self-Organizing Knowledge on Distributed Networks, Driven by Human Interaction», в отчете Artificial Life VI: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Artificial Life (Complex Adaptive Systems, No. 6), ed. С Adami, R. Belew, H. Kitano, and C. Taylor (Cambridge: Bradford Books/MIT Press, 1998).

58. George Dyson, Darwin Among the Machines: The Evolution of Global Intelligence (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997).

59. Johnson et al, «Symbiotic Intelligence».

Глава 8

1. Epigraph: Langdon Winner, «Whatever Happened to the Electronic Cottage?» Tech Knowledge Review 3.23, 27 July 2001. «http:// www.oreilly.com/people/staff/stevet/netfuture/2001/Jul2701_121. html#3», 17 March 2002.

2. Epigraph: Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny (New York: Vintage, 2000).

3. Rich Ling and Per Helmersen, «It Must Be Necessary, It Has to Cover a Need: The Adoption of Mobile Telephony Among Pre-Adolescents and Adolescents», in The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony: The Proceedings from a Seminar About Society, Mobile Telephony, and Children, Telenor R amp;D N 38/2000, ed. Rich Ling and Kristin Trane, 26 June 2000, 19-23, «http://www.telenor.no/fou/prosjekter/Fremtidens_Brukere/ seminarer/mobilpresentasjoner/Proceedmgs%20_FoU%20notat_.pdf» (4 February 2002).

4. Nicola Green, «Outwardly Mobile: Young People and Mobile Technologies», in Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, and Public Performance, ed. by Mark Aakhus and James Katz (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).

5. Howard Rheingold, «Look Who's Talking», Wired 7.01, January 1999, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/7.01/amish.html» (18 March 2002).

6. Jane Wakefield, «Watching Your Every Move», BBC News Online, 7 February 2002, «http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/sci/tech/newsid_ 1789000/1789157. stm» (16 March 2002).

7. Stuart Millar and Paul Kelso, «Liberties Fear Over Mobile Phone Details», The Guardian, 27 October 2001, «http://politics.guardian.co.uk/ attacks/story/0,1320,581861,00.html» (18 March 2002).

8. Declan McCullagh, «Call It Super Bowl Face Scan 1», Wired News, 2 February 2001, «http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,41571,00.html» (18 March 2002).

9. Ryan Naraine, «Face Recognition, Via Cell-Phones», Symobile, 27 March 2002, «http://www.symobile.com/comtex/content.cfm?transmit_id=2002086a9917» (29 March 2002).

10. George Orwell, Nineteen Eighty-Four (London: Martin Seeker and Warburg, 1949).

11. David Lyon, The Electronic Eye: The Rise of Surveillance Society (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1994).

12. Steve Mann, «Smart Clothing: The Wearable Computer and Wear-Cam», Personal Technologies 1, 1 (March 1997), «http://wearcam.org/ personaltechnologies/» (18 March 2002).

13. Steven K. Feiner, «The Importance of Being Mobile: Some Social Consequences of Wearable Augmented Reality Systems», Proceedings of IWAR 99 (International Workshop on Augmented Reality), San Francisco, California, 20-21 October, 1999, 145-148, «http://www.cs.columbia.edu/graphics/publications/FEINERiwar99.pdf» (18 March 2002).

14. Graeme Wearden, «Can 3G Phones Capture Criminals?» ZDNet News, 22 March 2002, «http://zdnet.com.com/2100-1105-867005.html» (27 March 2002).