Говард Рейнгольд - Умная толпа

• Название: Умная толпа
• Автор: Говард Рейнгольд
• Издательство: ФАИР-ПРЕСС
• Жанр: Прочая научная литература
• Год: 2006
• ISBN: 5-8183-1004-3

Мобильная связь и повсеместная компьютеризация уже начинают менять способы общения, трудовой и творческой деятельности, торговли, управления. Информационные технологии и их многообразное воздействие на различные сферы жизни общества — такова тема книги, предлагаемой вниманию читателей. Через десять лет, утверждает автор на основании многочисленных исследований, наблюдений и интервью, основные места средоточия населения Земли будут наводнены микросхемами, способными общаться друг с другом. Люди, оснащенные такими устройствами, составят «умные толпы», и их общение обретет невиданные прежде формы и возможности.

Для широкого круга читателей.

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23. David E. Weekly, «Client as Server: The New Model», Freshmeat. net, 16 April 2000, «http://freshmeat.net/articles/view/155/» (2 February 2002).

24. Gnutella News.

25. Kelly Truelove, «Gnutella and the Transient Web», OpenP2P.com, 22 March 2001, «http://www.openp2p.eom/pub/a/p2p/2001/03/22/traelove.html» (17 January 2002).

26. Eytan Adar and Bernardo A. Huberman, «Free Riding on Gnutella», First Monday 5, 10 (2000), «http://www.firstmonday.dk/issues/issue5_ 10/adar/index.html» (2 February 2002).

27. Mojo Nation, «http://www.mojonation.net/» (23 January 2002).

28. Steven Johnson, «The Taste Test», Feed, 8 May 2001, «http:// www.feedmag.com/templates/default.php3?a_id=1703» (23 December 2001).

29. Lou Gerstner, addressing the eBusiness Conference Expo in New York City, 12 December 2000, «http://www.ibm.com/lvg/1212.phtml» (2 February 2002).

30. Michelle Delio, «The Grid Draws Its Battle Lines», Wired News, 20 February 2002, «http://www.wired.com/news/technol-ogy/0,1282,50538,00.html» (29 March 2002).

31. Ian Foster, «Internet Computing and the Emerging Grid», Nature, 7 December 2000, «http://www.nature.com/nature/webmatters/grid/ grid.html» (23 November 2001).

32. John Markoff, «The Soul of the Ultimate Machine», New York Times, 12 December 2000, «http://www.nytimes.com/2000/12/10/ technology/10SMAR.html» (24 January 2002).

33. Steve Lohr, «IBM Making a Commitment to Next Phase of the Internet», New York Times, 2 August 2001, «http://www.nytimes. com/2001/08/02/technology/02BLUE.html»

34. Ann Harrison, «The Crime of Distributed Computing», Register, 12 December 2001, «http://www.theregister.co.Uk/content/6/23477.html» (1 February 2002).

35. Steven Bonisteel, «Criminal Charges Settled in Distributed-Com-puting Case», Newsbytes, 17 January 2002, «http://www.newsbytes.com/ news/02/173751.html».

36. Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: Random House 2001).

Глава 4

1. Epigraph: Mark Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century», Scientific American, September 1991, p. 94-104. «http://www.ubiq.corn/ hypertext/weiser/SciAmDraft3.html», 2 February 2002.

2. Howard Rheingold, Tools for Thought (New York: Simon amp; Schuster, 1985).

3. Joel Garreau, «You Are So Here», Washington Post, 19 August 2001: COl, «http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A33379-2001Augl9.html» (22 January 2002).

4. «Sensor Networks for Healthcare, the Environment, and Homeland Defense», «http://www.soe.ucsd.edu/Research_Review/agenda.html» (1 January 2002).

5. Saikat Chatterjee, «Netravali Sees a Networked Sphere in Ten Years», Business Times, The Times of India, New Delhi, 9 June 2000.

6. M. Weiser, R. Gold, and J. S. Brown, «The Origins of Ubiquitous Computing Research at PARC in the Late 1980s», IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1999): 693-696, «http://www.research.ibm.com/journal/sj/384/ weiser.html» (2 February 2002).

7. Mark Weiser, «Ubiquitous Computing», «http://www.ubiq.com/ hypertext/weiser/UbiHome.html» (29 January 2002).

8. Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century».

9. «The Trojan Room Coffee Machine», «http://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/ coffee/eoffee.html» (22 January 2002).

10. Weiser, «The Computer for the 21st Century».

11. Howard Rheingold, Virtual Reality (New York: Summit, 1991).

12. Myron Krueger, Artificial Reality (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1983).

13. Myron Krueger, «Responsive Environments», NCC Proceedings, 1977, 422-433.

14. Warren Robinett, «Electronic Expansion of Human Perception», Whole Earth Review, Fall 1991, 16-21.

15. Alex Pentland, «The Dance of Bits and Atoms», «http://www.white.media.mit.edu/people/sandy/profile.html» (2 February 2002).

16. Ivan E. Sutherland, «The Ultimate Display», Proceedings of 1FIPS Congress, 2 May 1965, 506-508.

17. Alex P. Pentland, «Smart Rooms», Scientific American 274 (April 1996): 68-76, «http://www.sciam.com/0496issue/0496pentland.html» (11 December 2001).

18. Elisa Batista, «Big Blue's Big Brother Lab», Wired News, 24 April 2001, «http://www.wired.eom/news/technology/0,1282,43186,00.htrnl» (24 February 2002).

19. J. C. Spohrer, «Information in Places», IBM Systems Journal 38, 4 (1996), «http://www.research.ibm.com/jouraal/sj/384/spohrer.html» (24 November 2001).

20. Ivan E. Sutherland, «Sketchpad: A Man-Machine Graphical Communication System», Proceedings of the Spring Joint Computer Conference, Detroit, Michigan, May 1963, and MIT Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report #296, January 1963.

21. Ivan E. Sutherland, «A Head-Mounted Three-Dimensional Display», AFIPS Conference Proceedings 33, Part I, 1968, 757-764.

22. S. Feiner, B. Maclntyre, and D. Seligmann, «Knowledge-Based Augmented Reality», Communications of the ACM 36 (July 1993): 52-62.

23. Spohrer, «Information in Places».

24. Per Persson and Fredrik Espinoza, «GeoNotes: Social Enhancement of Physical Space», ERCIM News 47, October 2001, «http://www.ercim.org/ publication/Ercirn_News/enw47/persson.html» (2 February 2002).

25. Jun Rekimoto, Yuji Ayatsuka, and Kazutera Hayashi, «Augment-able Reality: Situated Communication through Physical and Digital Spaces», Proceedings of the International Symposium on Wearable Computing, 1998, «http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto/papers/ iswc98.pdf» (22 December 2001).

26. Ismail Haritaoglu, «InfoScope: Link from Real World to Digital Information Space», in Ubicomp 2001: Ubiquitous Computing. Third International Conference, Atlanta, Georgia, September 30-October 2, 2001: Proceedings, ed. Gregory С Abowd, Barry Bromitt, and Steven A. Shafer, 247-255. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 2201, Springer 2001, «http:// link.springer.de/link/service/series/0558/papers/2201/22010247.pdf»

27. Salil Pradhan et al, «Websigns: Hyperlinking Physical Locations to the Web», IEEE Computer 34 (August 2001): 42-46.

28. Steven Feiner et al., «A Touring Machine: Prototyping 3D Mobile Augmented Reality Systems for Exploring the Urban Environment», Proceedings of the First International Symposium on Wearable Computers (1997): 74-81, «http://www.computer.org/conferen/proceed/8192/ pdf/81920074.pdf» (5 February 2002).

29. Scott Fisher, «Environmental Media: Linking Virtual Environments to the Physical World», Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Mixed Reality, Yokohama, Japan, March 2001, «http:// www.wem.sfc.keio.ac.jp/wern/RawMedia/Fisher.pdf» (3 February 2002).

30. David S. Bennahum, «Be Here Now», Wired 9.11, November 2001, «http://www.wired.eom/wired/archive/9.11/location.html» (3 February 2002).

31. Garreau, «You Are So Here».

32. «Direction Finding CDMA Handset from KDDI», 27 February 2002, «http://www.cellular-news.com/story/5932.shtml» (6 March 2002).

33. Universal Design of Digital City Project Overview, «http//www.digitalcity.jst.go.jp/about-e.html» (3 February 2002).

34. Risto Linturi, Marja-Riitta Koivunen, and Jari Sulkanen, «Helsinki Arena 2000-Augmenting a Real City to a Virtual One», Digital Cities 2000 83-96, «http://www.linturi.fi/HelsinkiArena2000/» (11 January 2001).

35. The Center for Information Technology Research in the Interest of Society (CITRIS), «http://www.citris.berkeley.edu/about_citris.html» (3 February 2002).

36. Wade Roush, «Networking the Infrastructure», Technology Review, December 2001, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/roushl201.asp» (11 December 2001).

37. Russ Adams, «Bar Code History Page», BarCode 1, 16 (March 2001), «http://www.adamsl.com/pub/rassadam/history.html» (3 February 2002); See also: «The Origins of a Bar Code», Uniform Code Council, 2002, «http://www.uc-council.org/about_ucc/uc_bar_code_origin.html» (11 January 2002).

38. Charlie Schmidt, «Beyond the Bar Code», Technology Review, March 2001, «http://www.technologyreview.com/articles/schmidt0301. asp» (6 January 2002).

39. Barpoint, «http://www.barpoint.com» (3 February 2002).

40. «Organic Transistors and the Death of the Bar Code», Berkeley Engineering Lab Votes 2 (February — March 2002), «http://www.coe.berkeley.edu/labnotes/0202/barcode.html» (29 March 2002).

41. Auto-ID Center, «http://www.autoidcenter.org/main.asp» (29 March 2002).

42. Junko Yoshida, «Euro Bank Notes to Embed RFID Chips by 2005», ЕЕ Times, 19 December 2001, «http://www.eet.com/story/OEG20011219S0016» (29 January 2002).

43. Wes Vernon, «Latest Privacy Nightmare: Money That Tracks You», NewsMax.com, 28 July 2001, «http://www.newsmax.com/archives/articles /2001/7/27/212324.shtml» (3 February 2002).

44. Will Knight, «Tiny Radio Chip Gives Paper an ID», New Scientist, 4 July 2001, «http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns9999967» (3 February 2002); «Hitachi Announces Worlds Smallest RFID 1С, the mu-chip», 5 July 2001, «http://www.hitachi.com/products/electronic/ semiconductorcomponent/elecrfid/» (5 February 2002).

45. Kris Pister, Joe Kahn, and Bernhard Boser, «Smart Dust: Autonomous Sensing and Communication in a Cubic Millimeter», Berkeley Sensor and Actuator Center, «http://www.-bsac.EECS.Berkeley.EDU/~pister/ SmartDust/» (2 February 2002).

46. Duncan Graham-Rowe, «Dust Bugs», New Scientist, 28 August 1999, «http://www.-bsac.eecs.berkeley.edu/~warneke/research/press/ newscientist.html» (30 January 2002).

47. Jack Smith, «Computer in a Speck of Dust», ABCNEWS.com, 22 November 1999, «http://www.rense.com/politics5/minitech_p.htm» (3 February 2002).

48. Jun Rekimoto, «NaviCam: A Magnifying Glass Approach to Augmented Reality Systems», Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 6, 4 (1997): 339-412.

49. Jun Rekimoto, «http://www.csl.sony.co.jp/person/rekimoto.html» (3 February 2002).

50. Neil Gershenfeld, When Things Start to Think (New York: Henry Holt, 1999).

51. William Butera, «Programming a Paintable Computer», (Ph. D. diss, MIT, 2002), «http://web.media.mit.edu/~vmb/papers/buteraphd.pdf» (July 2002).

52. Gershenfeld, When Things Start to Think, 10.

53. Steve Mann and Hal Niedzviecki, Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer (Mississauga: Doubleday Canada, 2001), 30.

54. «A Brief History of Wearable Computing», «http://wearables.www.media.mit.edu/projects/wearables/lizzy/timeliiie.html#1989» (3 February 2002).

55. J. Peter Bade, G. Q. Maguire Jr., and David F Bantz, The IBM/ Columbia Student Electronic Notebook Project, 29 June 1990.

56. «A Brief History of Wearable Computing».

57. The Wearable Group at Carnegie Mellon, «http://www.wearablegroup.org/» (6 March 2002). See also: VuMan, «http://www.-2.cs.cmu.edu/~wearable/vuman.html» (6 March 2002).

58. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 42.

59. Cyberman, directed by Peter Lynch, «http://cbc.ca/cyberman/» (29 March 2002).

60. Thad Starrier, «Wearable Computing and Context Awareness» (Ph. D. diss., MIT, 1999), 64.

61. Mann and Niedzviecki, Cyborg, 71.

62. Steve Mann, «Smart Clothing: The Shift to Wearable Computing», Proceedings of CACM 39 (August 1996): 23-24.

63. «The MIThril Vision», «http://www.media.mit.edu/wearables/ mithril/vision.html» (21 January 2002).

64. Scott Stemberger, «New Body Art: Wearable Wireless Devices», IBM DeveloperWorks, January 2002, «http://www.-106.ibm.com/ developerworks/wireless/library/wi-wear.html?t=gr,p=Wearem-Wireless» (3 February 2002).

65. Wearable Internet Appliance, «http://www.hitachi.co.jp/Prod/ vims/wia/eng/main.html» (3 February 2002).

66. «Timex Watch to Incorporate Speedpass Technology», Associated Press, 28 February 2002, «http://www.usatoday.com/life/cyber/tech/ review/2002/2/28/timexspeedpass.htm» (6 March 2002).

Глава 5

1. Epigraph: Bruce Sterling, Distraction, A Novel (New York: Bantam, 1998).

2. Upendra Shardanand and Pattie Maes, «Social Information Filtering-Algorithms for Automating Word of Mouth», Proceedings of ACM CHF95 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1995, «http://www.acm.org/sigchi/chi95/Electronic/documnts/papers/us_bdy.htm» (9 February 2002).

3. Cameron Barrett, «Online Community Technologies and Concepts», Camworld.com, December 2001, «http://www.camworld.com/ essays/communities.html» (9 February 2002).

4. Howard Rheingold, The Virtual Community: Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993).

5. Howard Rheingold, «Virtual Communities», Whole Earth Review 61 (Winter 1988): 14.

6. David Goldberg et al., «Using Collaborative Filtering to Weave an Information Tapestry», Communications of the ACM 35 (December 1992): 61-70.

7. Usenet FAQ Archive, «ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-hierar-chy/» (9 February 2002).

8. Paul Resnick et al., «GroupLens: An Open Architecture for Collaborative Filtering of Netnews», Proceedings of ACM 1994 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 1994, 175-186, «http:// www.si.umich.edu/~presnick/papers/cscw94/» (9 February 2002).

9. The Reputations Research Network, «http://databases.si.umich. edu/reputations/» (14 January 2002).

10. MovieLens, «http://movielens.umn.edu/» (9 February 2002).

11. Hui Guo, Thomas Kreifelts, and Angi Voss, «SOaP: Social Filtering through Social Agents», report of ECRIM Workshop Proceedings, No. 98/W001 of the 5th DELOS Workshop on Filtering and Collaborative Filtering, 291-298, «http://www.ercim.org/publication/ws-proceedings/ DELOS5/guo.pdf» (10 February 2002).